Systems Biology


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Protocols in Current Issue
0 Q&A 83 Views May 5, 2025

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples remain an underutilized resource in single-cell omics due to RNA degradation from formalin fixation. Here, we present snPATHO-seq, a robust and adaptable approach that enables the generation of high-quality single-nucleus (sn) transcriptomic data from FFPE tissues, utilizing advancements in single-cell genomic techniques. The snPATHO-seq workflow integrates optimized nuclei isolation with the 10× Genomics Flex assay, targeting short RNA fragments to mitigate FFPE-related RNA degradation. Benchmarking against standard 10× 3' and Flex assays for fresh/frozen tissues confirmed robust detection of transcriptomic signatures and cell types. snPATHO-seq demonstrated high performance across diverse FFPE samples, including diseased tissues like breast cancer. It seamlessly integrates with FFPE spatial transcriptomics (e.g., FFPE Visium) for multi-modal spatial and single-nucleus profiling. Compared to workflows like 10× Genomics’ snFFPE, snPATHO-seq delivers superior data quality by reducing tissue debris and preserving RNA integrity via nuclei isolation. This cost-effective workflow enables high-resolution transcriptomics of archival FFPE samples, advancing single-cell omics in translational and clinical research.

0 Q&A 80 Views May 5, 2025

Quantitative proteomic analysis plays a crucial role in understanding microbial co-culture systems. Traditional techniques, such as label-free quantification (LFQ) and label-based proteomics, provide valuable insights into the interactions and metabolic exchanges of microbial species. However, the complexity of microbial co-culture systems often leads to challenges in data normalization, especially when dealing with comparative LFQ data where ratios of different organisms can vary across experiments. This protocol describes the application of LFQRatio normalization, a novel normalization method designed to improve the reliability and accuracy of quantitative proteomics data obtained from microbial co-cultures. The method was developed following the analysis of factors that affect both the identification of proteins and the quantitative accuracy of co-culture proteomics. These include peptide physicochemical characteristics such as isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), hydrophobicity, dynamic range, and proteome size, as well as shared peptides between species. We then created a normalization method based on LFQ intensity values named LFQRatio normalization. This approach was demonstrated by analysis of a synthetic co-culture of two bacteria, Synechococcus elongatus cscB/SPS and Azotobacter vinelandii ΔnifL. Results showed enhanced accuracy of differentially expressed proteins, allowing for more reliable biological interpretation. This protocol provides a reliable and effective tool with wider application to analyze other co-culture systems to study microbial interactions.

0 Q&A 460 Views May 5, 2025

RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has transformed transcriptomic research, enabling researchers to perform large-scale inspection of mRNA levels in living cells. With the growing applicability of this technique to many scientific investigations, the analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data becomes an important yet challenging task, especially for researchers without a bioinformatics background. This protocol offers a beginner-friendly step-by-step guide to analyze NGS data (starting from raw .fastq files), providing the required codes with an explanation of the different steps and software used. We outline a computational workflow that includes quality control, trimming of reads, read alignment to the genome, and gene quantification, ultimately enabling researchers to identify differentially expressed genes and gain insights on mRNA levels. Multiple approaches to visualize this data using statistical and graphical tools in R are also described, allowing the generation of heatmaps and volcano plots to represent genes and gene sets of interest.

0 Q&A 162 Views May 5, 2025

Within a cell, proteins have distinct and highly variable half-lives. As a result, the molecular ages of proteins can range from seconds to years. How the age of a protein influences its environmental interactions is a largely unexplored area of biology. To facilitate such studies, we recently developed a technique termed “proteome birthdating” that differentially labels proteins based on their time of synthesis. Proteome birthdating enables analyses of age distributions of the proteome by tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and provides a methodology for investigating the protein age selectivity of diverse cellular pathways. Proteome birthdating can also provide measurements of protein turnover kinetics from single, sequentially labeled samples. Here, we provide a practical guide for conducting proteome birthdating in in vitro model systems. The outlined workflow covers cell culture, isotopic labeling, protein extraction, enzymatic digestion, peptide cleanup, mass spectrometry, data processing, and theoretical considerations for interpretation of the resulting data.

0 Q&A 113 Views May 5, 2025

Plants rely on metabolite regulation of proteins to control their metabolism and adapt to environmental changes, but studying these complex interaction networks remains challenging. The proteome integral solubility alteration (PISA) assay, a high-throughput chemoproteomic technique, was originally developed for mammalian systems to investigate drug targets. PISA detects changes in protein stability upon interaction with small molecules, quantified through LC–MS. Here, we present an adapted PISA protocol for Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts to identify potential protein interactions with ascorbate. Chloroplasts are extracted using a linear Percoll gradient, treated with multiple ascorbate concentrations, and subjected to heat-induced protein denaturation. Soluble proteins are extracted via ultracentrifugation, and proteome-wide stability changes are quantified using multiplexed LC–MS. We provide instructions for deconvolution of LC–MS spectra and statistical analysis using freely available software. This protocol enables unbiased screening of protein regulation by small molecules in plants without requiring prior knowledge of interaction partners, chemical probe design, or genetic modifications.

0 Q&A 225 Views May 5, 2025

Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a widely used technique for genome-wide analyses of protein–DNA interactions. This protocol provides a guide to ChIP-seq data processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a focus on signal normalization to address data biases and enable meaningful comparisons within and between samples. Designed for researchers with minimal bioinformatics experience, it includes practical overviews and refers to scripting examples for key tasks, such as configuring computational environments, trimming and aligning reads, processing alignments, and visualizing signals. This protocol employs the sans-spike-in method for quantitative ChIP-seq (siQ-ChIP) and normalized coverage for absolute and relative comparisons of ChIP-seq data, respectively. While spike-in normalization, which is semiquantitative, is addressed for context, siQ-ChIP and normalized coverage are recommended as mathematically rigorous and reliable alternatives.

0 Q&A 170 Views May 5, 2025

Known as the cell’s antenna and signaling hub, the primary cilium is a hair-like organelle with a few micrometers in length and 200–300 nm in diameter. Due to the small size of the primary cilium, it is technically challenging to profile ciliary proteins from mammalian cells. Traditional methods, such as physical isolation of cilia, are susceptible to contamination from other cellular components. Other proximity-based labeling methods via APEX or BioID have been used to map ciliary proteins. However, these approaches have their inherent limitations, including the use of toxic reagents like H2O2 and prolonged labeling kinetics. Here, we show a new proximity-based labeling technique for primary cilia with TurboID. TurboID presents a distinct advantage over BioID and APEX2 due to its expedited labeling kinetics, taking minutes instead of hours, and its use of a non-toxic biotin substrate, which eliminates the need for H2O2. When targeted to the cilium, TurboID selectively labels ciliary proteins with biotin. The biotinylated proteins are then enriched with streptavidin beads and labeled with tandem mass tags (TMT), followed by mass spectrometry (MS) detection. This protocol eliminates the requirement of toxic labeling reagents and significantly reduces the labeling time, thus providing advantages in mapping signaling proteins with high temporal resolution in live cells.

0 Q&A 72 Views May 5, 2025

The KAS-ATAC assay provides a method to capture genomic DNA fragments that are simultaneously physically accessible and contain single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) bubbles. These are characteristic features of two of the key processes involved in regulating and expressing genes—on one hand, the activity of cis-regulatory elements (cREs), which are typically devoid of nucleosomes when active and occupied by transcription factors, and on the other, the association of RNA polymerases with DNA, which results in the presence of ssDNA structures. Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out KAS-ATAC as well as basic processing of KAS-ATAC datasets and discuss the key considerations for its successful application.

Protocols in Past Issues
0 Q&A 267 Views Apr 20, 2025

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis is essential for elucidating evolutionary relationships among organisms. Traditional methods often rely on fixed models and manual parameter settings, which can limit accuracy and efficiency. This protocol presents an integrated workflow that leverages GUIDANCE2 for rigorous sequence alignment, ProtTest and MrModeltest for robust model selection, and MrBayes for phylogenetic tree estimation through Bayesian inference. By automating key steps and providing detailed command-line instructions, this protocol enhances the reliability and reproducibility of phylogenetic studies.

0 Q&A 358 Views Apr 20, 2025

With reduced genotyping costs, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) face more challenges in diverse populations with complex structures to map genes of interest. The complex structure demands sophisticated statistical models, and increased marker density and population size require efficient computing tools. Many statistical models and computing tools have been developed with varied properties in statistical power, computing efficiency, and user-friendly accessibility. Some statistical models were developed with dedicated computing tools, such as efficient mixed model analysis (EMMA), multiple loci mixed model (MLMM), fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK). However, there are computing tools (e.g., GAPIT) that implement multiple statistical models, retain a constant user interface, and maintain enhancement on input data and result interpretation. In this study, we developed a protocol utilizing a minimal set of software tools (BEAGLE, BLINK, and GAPIT) to perform a variety of analyses including file format conversion, missing genotype imputation, GWAS, and interpretation of input data and outcome results. We demonstrated the protocol by reanalyzing data from the Rice 3000 Genomes Project and highlighting advancements in GWAS model development.

0 Q&A 215 Views Apr 5, 2025

Laser-assisted microdissection (LAM) coupled with next-generation sequencing technologies offers a powerful approach to dissecting the complex cellular heterogeneity within lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumors. This protocol outlines the method for isolating specific high-risk LUAD tissues containing micropapillary/solid (MIP/SOL) patterns, which is linked to poor prognosis. We detail the process of LAM, which involves tissue fixation, microtome sectioning, and the precise dissection and collection of cells of interest under microscopic guidance. The isolated cells are then subjected to RNA extraction, library preparation, and sequencing to profile transfer RNA–derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs (tiRNAs), which are emerging as key regulators in cancer. This protocol enables researchers to obtain high-quality transcriptomic data from specific LUAD cell populations, aiming to uncover tRF-Val-CAC-024 and tiRNA-Gly-CCC as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets for LUAD treatment.

0 Q&A 191 Views Apr 5, 2025

Metabolite modifications play a critical role in enhancing plants’ adaptability to environmental changes and serve as a major source of functional diversity in metabolites. However, current metabolomics approaches are limited to targeted analyses of a small number of known modified metabolites and lack comprehensive, large-scale studies of plant metabolite modifications. Here, we describe a widely targeted metabolite modificomics (WTMM) strategy, developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole linear ion trap (UHPLC-Q-Trap) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–Q-Exactive Orbitrap (UHPLC-QE-Orbitrap) technologies. This strategy enables high-throughput identification and sensitive quantification of modified metabolites. Using tomato as a model, we conducted a metabolite modificomics study and constructed a WTMM database, identifying 165 novel modified metabolites. The WTMM strategy is broadly applicable and can be extended to the study of other plant species.

0 Q&A 1254 Views Mar 20, 2025

This manuscript details two modified protocols for the isolation of long-stranded or high molecular weight (HMW) DNA from Magnaporthaceae (Ascomycota) fungal mycelium intended for whole genome sequencing. The Cytiva Nucleon PhytoPure and the Macherey-Nagel NucleoBond HMW DNA kits were selected because the former requires lower amounts of starting material and the latter utilizes gentler methods to maximize DNA length, albeit at a higher requirement for input material. The Cytiva Nucleon PhytoPure kit successfully recovered HMW DNA for half of our fungal species by increasing the amount of RNase A treatment and adding in a proteinase K treatment. To reduce the impact of pigmentation development, which occurs toward later stages of culturing, extractions were run in quadruplicate to increase overall DNA concentration. We also adapted the Macherey-Nagel NucleoBond HMW DNA kit for high-quality HMW DNA by grinding the sample to a fine powder, overnight lysis, and splitting the sample before washing the precipitated DNA. For both kits, precipitated DNA was spooled out pre-washing, ensuring a higher percentage of high-integrity long strands. The Macherey-Nagel protocol offers advantages over the first through the utilization of gravity columns that provide gentler treatment, yielding >50% of high-purity DNA strands exceeding 40 kbp. The limitation of this method is the requirement for a large quantity of starting material (1 g). By triaging samples based on the rate of growth relative to the accumulation of secondary metabolites, our methodologies hold promise for yielding reliable and high-quality HMW DNA from a variety of fungal samples, improving sequencing outcomes.

0 Q&A 375 Views Mar 20, 2025

Zebrafish genetic mutants have emerged as a valuable model system for studying various aspects of disease and developmental biology. Mutant zebrafish embryos are generally identified based on phenotypic defects at later developmental stages, making it difficult to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms at earlier stages. This protocol presents a PCR-based genotyping method that enables the identification of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous zebrafish genetic mutants at any developmental stage, even when they are phenotypically indistinguishable. The approach involves the amplification of specific genomic regions using carefully designed primers, followed by gel electrophoresis. This genotyping method facilitates the investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving phenotypic defects that are observed at later timepoints. This protocol allows researchers to perform analyses such as immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, and other molecular experiments on early developmental stages of mutants. The availability of this protocol expands the utility of zebrafish genetic mutants for elucidating the molecular underpinnings of various biological processes throughout development.

0 Q&A 523 Views Mar 5, 2025

Many small molecules require derivatization to increase their volatility and to be amenable to gas chromatographic (GC) separation. Derivatization is usually time-consuming, and typical batch-wise procedures increase sample variability. Sequential automation of derivatization via robotic liquid handling enables the overlapping of sample preparation and analysis, maximizing time efficiency and minimizing variability. Herein, a protocol for the fully automated, two-stage derivatization of human blood–based samples in line with GC–[Orbitrap] mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics is described. The protocol delivers a sample-to-sample runtime of 31 min, being suitable for better throughput routine metabolomic analysis.

0 Q&A 232 Views Mar 5, 2025

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. According to 2020 reports, globally, 2.2 million cases are reported every year, with the mortality number being as high as 1.8 million patients. To study NSCLC, systems biology offers mathematical modeling as a tool to understand complex pathways and provide insights into the identification of biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, which aids precision therapy. Mathematical modeling, specifically ordinary differential equations (ODEs), is used to better understand the dynamics of cancer growth and immunological interactions in the tumor microenvironment. This study highlighted the dual role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway's classical involvement in regulating type 1 interferon (IFN I) and pro-inflammatory responses to promote tumor regression through senescence and apoptosis. Alternative signaling was induced by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mutated tumor protein p53 (p53), and programmed death-ligand1 (PD-L1), which lead to tumor growth. We identified key regulators in cancer progression by simulating the model and validating it with the following model estimation parameters: local sensitivity analysis, principal component analysis, rate of flow of metabolites, and model reduction. Integration of multiple signaling axes revealed that cGAS-STING, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), and Ak strain transforming (AKT) may be potential targets that can be validated for cancer therapy.

0 Q&A 315 Views Mar 5, 2025

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) display relatively rapid mutation rates, low sequence recombination, high copy numbers, and maternal inheritance patterns, rendering them valuable blueprints for mapping lineages, uncovering historical migration patterns, understanding intraspecific population dynamics, and investigating how environmental pressures shape traits underpinned by genetic variation. Here, we present the bioinformatic pipeline and code used to assemble and annotate the complete mitogenomes of five houndsharks (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) and compare them to the mitogenomes of other closely related species. We demonstrate the value of a combined assembly approach for detecting deviations in mitogenome structure and describe how to select an assembly approach that best suits the sequencing data. The datasets required to run our analyses are available on the GitHub and Dryad repositories.

0 Q&A 280 Views Mar 5, 2025

The limited standards for the rigorous and objective use of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) can lead to uncertainties regarding the phylogenetic relationships of taxa under varying evolutionary constraints. The mitogenome exhibits heterogeneity in base composition, and evolutionary rates may vary across different regions, which can cause empirical data to violate assumptions of the applied evolutionary models. Consequently, the unique evolutionary signatures of the dataset must be carefully evaluated before selecting an appropriate approach for phylogenomic inference. Here, we present the bioinformatic pipeline and code used to expand the mitogenome phylogeny of the order Carcharhiniformes (groundsharks), with a focus on houndsharks (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae). We present a rigorous approach for addressing difficult-to-resolve phylogenies, incorporating multi-species coalescent modelling (MSCM) to address gene/species tree discordance. The protocol describes carefully designed approaches for preparing alignments, partitioning datasets, assigning models of evolution, inferring phylogenies based on traditional site-homogenous concatenation approaches as well as under multispecies coalescent and site heterogenous models, and generating statistical data for comparison of different topological outcomes. The datasets required to run our analyses are available on GitHub and Dryad repositories.




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