Q&A Jul 7, 2026

Attached you find two videos illustrating the stimulus material. Please be advised, that the colors were corrected for isoluminance and isosaturation on our setup. The colors may appear dimmer/brighter or more/less saturated on your screen. Subjects had to attend both color ‘donoughts’ over the course of several seconds while the hues of each object changed continuously. Afterwards either objects color switched to grey and subjects had to dial in the color that just disappeared. Subjects either ...

Q&A Jul 6, 2026

Protocol for Detection of Palmitoylated Proteins 1. Detection via Click Chemistry Reaction 1.1 Procedure 1.1.1Seed cells in a 15-cm dish at 2 × 10⁶ cells per dish. For metabolic labeling, incubate the cells with Alk-16 (palmitic acid-15-yne) at a final concentration of 50 µM in pre-warmed DMEM supplemented with 2 % (v/v) charcoal-stripped BI FBS and 1 % penicillin-streptomycin. Use DMSO-treated cells as a control. To ensure proper dissolution of Alk-16, sonicate or vigorously vortex the medium b...

Q&A Jul 3, 2026

Protocol to calculate EE% and DL% 1) Measuring parametersInitial amount of drug added: W initialAmount of free/unencapsulated drug in the supernatant or filtrate: W freeTotal weight of the final drug-loaded formulation: W formulation 2) Calculate encapsulated drugThe measuring parameters are usually based on the spectrophotometric method, where the absorbance values of the samples with a drug, and the supernatants after the centrifugation are measured. The amount (weight concentration) of free a...

Q&A Jun 28, 2026

AbstractManipur, a part of the Indo-Burmese biodiversity hotspot, is rich in indigenous fruits with high potential for value-added products such as fruit wines. This study aimed to develop standardized protocols for the preparation of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), pineapple (Ananas comosus), and wild olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus) wines and to determine their total phenolic content (TPC) and alcohol content. Wine samples were prepared using Saccharomyces cerevisiae under controlled fermentatio...

Q&A Jun 24, 2026

Following the reverse transcription reaction (20 µL), 10 µL was used for the first PCR, and the remaining 10 µL was stored at −80 °C as a backup. 1st PCRPrimer mixPrimer mixVolume(µL)24X mixGb F1a0.614.4Gb F1b0.37.2Ga F1a0.614.4Ga F1b0.37.2Ga F1c0.37.2Ga F1d0.614.4b-actin F0.49.6GR12.764.8b-actin R10.49.6 6.2148.8 Reaction10X LA buffer512025mM MgCl23.993.62.5mM dNTP8192LA  Taq polymerase0.512H2O16.4393.6Primer mix6.2148.8cDNA10  94℃ 2min;95℃ 30s;65℃ 10minGo to 2, 19cycles;72℃ 10min 2nd PCRThere ...

Q&A Jun 18, 2026

1- RNA recovery from RNAzol/TRIzol-homogenized cellsWork on ice otherwise differently stated! Add 200 μl RNAzol/1E6 to the cell pellet and vigorously pipet to homogenize. Freeze at -80°C or proceed to RNA extraction step 3.  Add 1:5 chloroform per sample. Shake vigorously/invert tubes for 15 seconds at RT to mix well. Incubate for 15 min at 4°C. Centrifuge for 15 min at 4°C 12000 rpm. After centrifugation, a three-phase gradient will be visible:Transparent/aqueous upper phase → RNA (RNA remains ...

Q&A Jun 17, 2026

Isolation of Symbiotic ChlorellaGreen hydra were starved for 1 week in antibiotic-containing Hydra medium(1).Approximately 50 antibiotic-treated polyps were transferred into a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube and washed three times with antibiotic-containing Hydra medium.Remove the Hydra medium, add 800 μl of 0.25% SDS in distilled water (0.5% Tween-20 can be used as an alternative), and immediately homogenize the polyps by pipetting with a P1000 micropipette to disrupt the Hydra tissues. Homogenizat...

Q&A Jun 16, 2026

Title: Protocols to develop and maintain immortalized Drosophila cell lines harboring Wolbachia infections Authors and affiliations:Alexandra Lum, Jodie Jacobs, Jonas Nykamp, and Shelbi L Russell* * correspondence addressed to shelbilrussell@gmail.com Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States. Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064  Graphical abstract:   Summary: The inability to culture oblig...

Q&A Jun 10, 2026

tRNA charging protocolDay 0: Cell PlatingPlate 300,000 cells per well of a 6-well plate per condition (I do 4 conditions in singlicates at a time).Day 1: Cell treatment and harvesting Treat cells with treatments of your choice;Put cells on ice and wash with cold PBS;Add 1 mL TRIzol on ice, lyse for 5 min;Add lysates to eppendorf tubes with 0.2 mL chloroform, shake vigorously 15 sec and let sit on ice for 10 min;Spin down for 15 min at 18,600g at 4C;Transfer 370 uL of top fraction into new tubes ...

Q&A Jun 9, 2026

 Day 1 Cell seeding  Seed U2OS cells in 10 cm dishSeed 1 Mio cells per dishSeed 3 biological replicates per condition Day 2 Cell synchronization and treatment of cells  NOTE: Timing are stated as an example for handling 3 biological replicates 16.01.25 Block 1st round (15:00, 15:20, 15:40) Remove culturing mediumAdd fresh medium supplemented with thymidine to a final concentration of 2 mM (1:50)Culture cells in a tissue culture incubator at 37 °C for 18 h 17.01.24 Release (9:00, 9:20, 9:40) Remo...