Generation of Mouse Primitive Endoderm Stem Cells

Materials and reagents

Biological materials

1. Pregnant mouse, 3.5 days post coitum (dpc) (8–20 weeks old) (e.g., CLEA Japan, CD-1). We have confirmed this protocol in CD-1, BALB/c, and B6PWKF1 genetic backgrounds

2. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) (ATCC, SCRC-1045^TM). MEFs can also be derived from DR4 mice [Jackson, Dnmt1^tm3Jae Hprt1^b-m3 Tg (pPWL512hyg) 1Ems/J (DR4)] that are dissected 14.5 dpc; cells are passaged five times before inactivation by mitomycin C treatment. We routinely use DR4 MEFs, but the widely used CD-1 MEFs can also be used

3. Human fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) (Sigma, catalog number: F8424)

4. Human platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) (R&D, catalog number: 221-AA)

5. Rabbit anti-OCT4 antibody (MBL, catalog number: PM048)

6. Goat anti-SOX17 antibody, stock solution: 10 mg/mL in PBS (R&D, catalog number: AF1924)

7. Donkey anti-rabbit IgG antibody Alexa 488 conjugated (Invitrogen, catalog number: A21206)

8. Donkey anti-goat IgG antibody Alexa 568 conjugated (Invitrogen, catalog number: A11057)

Reagents

1. Mitomycin C (MMC) (Sigma, catalog number: M4287)

2. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (biosera, catalog number: FB-1380/500)

3. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Sigma, catalog number: D5796)

4. β-mercaptoethanol (100×) (Millipore, catalog number: ES-007-E)

5. Penicillin-streptomycin (100×) (Gibco, catalog number: 15140-122)

6. Gelatin from porcine skin (Sigma, catalog number: G1890)

7. TrypLE^TM Select Enzyme (1×), no phenol red (Gibco, catalog number: 12563-029)

8. StemFit^® AK02N (or StemFit^® Basic02, StemFit^® Basic03) (Ajinomoto)

9. Heparin (Sigma, catalog number: H3149)

10. CHIR99021, GSK3 inhibitor (REPROCELL, catalog number: 04-0004)

11. CELLBANKER^® 1 plus (ZENOGEN PHARMA)

12. Ethanol (e.g., Nacalai Tesque, catalog number: 14712-34)

13. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) (TAAB, catalog number: P001)

14. Tween 20 (Chem Cruz, catalog number: sc-29113)

15. Normal donkey serum (Sigma, catalog number: D9663)

16. Hoechst 33342 10 mg/mL solution (Invitrogen, catalog number: H3570)

Solutions

1. MEF medium (see Recipes)

2. AK02N medium (see Recipes)

3. PrESC medium (see Recipes)

4. 100× Mitomycin C stock solution (see Recipes)

5. 0.2% Gelatin (see Recipes)

6. 70% Ethanol (see Recipes)

7. PBST (see Recipes)

8. 10 N NaOH (see Recipes)

9. 4% PFA/PBST (see Recipes)

Recipes

1. MEF medium

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   DMEM		500 mL
   FBS	10%	55 mL
   β-mercaptoethanol	1×	5.6 mL
   Penicillin-streptomycin	1×	5.6 mL
   Total	n/a	566.2 mL




2. AK02N medium

   Reagent	Quantity
   Liquid A	400 mL
   Liquid B	100 mL
   Penicillin-streptomycin	5 mL
   Total	505 mL




3. PrESC medium

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   AK02N medium (liquid A+B)		50 mL
   CHIR99021	10 μM	50 μL (10 mM stock solution)
   Human FGF4	50 ng/mL	50 μL (50 μg/mL stock solution)
   Heparin	10 μg/mL	50 μL (50 mg/mL stock solution)
   Human PDGF-AA	25 ng/mL	50 μL (25 μg/mL stock solution)
   Total		50 mL




4. 100× Mitomycin C stock solution

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   Mitomycin C	0.5 mg/mL	5 mg
   ddH2O	n/a	10 mL
   Total	n/a	10 mL




5. 0.2% Gelatin

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   Gelatin	0.2%	1 g
   ddH2O	n/a	500 mL
   Total	n/a	500 mL

   Sterilize 0.2% gelatin solution by autoclaving.




6. 70% Ethanol

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   Ethanol	70%	350 mL
   ddH2O	n/a	150 mL
   Total	n/a	500 mL




7. PBST

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   Tween 20	0.2%	1 mL
   PBS	n/a	500 mL
   Total	n/a	501 mL




8. 10 N NaOH

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   NaOH	0.4 g/mL	40 g
   ddH2O	n/a	100 mL
   Total	n/a	100 mL

   NaOH liberates thermal energy upon dissolution. It is prudent to refrain from dissolving it in its entirety in a single instance. Instead, endeavor to dissolve it incrementally in multiple aliquots before culminating in a final volume of 100 mL. Employ safety spectacles to shield your eyes.




9. 4% PFA/PBST

   Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity
   PFA	4%	2 g
   PBST	n/a	50 mL
   10 N NAOH	n/a	10 μL
   Total	n/a	50 mL

   Incubate at 65 °C and mix several times until the PFA melts.

Equipment

1. Conical tube (15 mL) (Corning, catalog number: 352196)

2. Conical tube (50 mL) (Corning, catalog number: 352098)

3. Tissue culture plate (24 well) (Corning, catalog number: 351147)

4. Tissue culture plate (12 well) (Corning, catalog number: 351143)

5. Tissue culture plate (6 well) (Corning, catalog number: 351146)

6. Culture dish (35 mm) (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 150460)

7. Culture dish (150 mm) (Corning, catalog number: 353025)

8. Petri dish (60 mm) (Corning, catalog number: 351007)

9. Glass bottom culture dish (35 mm) (IWAKI, catalog number: 3910-035)

10. Cryotube vial (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 377224)

11. P2 micro-pipette (e.g., Gilson, catalog number: F144054M)

12. P20 micro-pipette (e.g., Gilson, catalog number: F144056M)

13. P1000 micro-pipette (e.g., Gilson, catalog number: 144059M)

14. Dissection microscope (e.g., Evident, model: SZX7)

15. Inverted microscope (e.g., Evident, model: IX71)

16. Water bath (e.g., TAITEC, model: SJ-07N)

17. Centrifuge (e.g., TOMY, model: LCX-100)

18. Hemocytometer (e.g., Biomedical Science, model: BMS-OCC01)

19. CO₂ incubator (e.g., Panasonic, model: MCO-170AICV-PJVH)

20. Scissors (e.g., Natsume, model: NAPOX B-68T)

21. Forceps (e.g., Inox-Med, L5, catalog number: 11253-27)

22. Syringe (5 mL) (e.g., Terumo, model: SS-05LZ)

23. 21-gauge needle (e.g., Terumo, model: NN-2138R)

24. Freezing container (e.g., Nihon Freezer, model: BICELL)

25. Ultra-low temperature freezer (-80 °C) (e.g., Panasonic, model: MDF-DU502VHS1-PJ)

26. Ultra-low temperature freezer (-150 °C) (e.g., Panasonic, model: MDF-1156ATA-PJ)

27. Confocal microscope (e.g., Evident, model: FV1200)

Procedure

1. Mitotic inactivation of MEF: mitomycin C (MMC) treatment

   Notes:

   1. The size and number of culture dishes used depends on the scale of the experiment. We routinely use 10–20 150 mm dishes. This protocol describes the use of 150 mm dishes.

   2. MMC is toxic, so be sure to wear gloves when performing the experiment.

   
   

   1. Culture MEFs in 25 mL of MEF medium per dish (see Recipe 1). Beginning with a confluent layer of MEFs, remove MEF medium from dishes and replace with 5 μg/mL 1× Mitomycin C solution in MEF medium.

   2. Incubate the dishes for 2 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

   3. Remove the medium and wash the cells three times with 25 mL of PBS.

   4. Add 10 mL of 0.05% trypsin-EDTA and incubate until the cells come off the dish (3–5 min).

   5. Collect cells in 50 mL conical tubes. Conical tubes are pre-filled with 10 mL of MEF medium to inhibit trypsin.

   6. Centrifuge the tubes at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant.

   7. Resuspend the cell pellet in 25 mL of MEF medium. Centrifuge the tubes at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant. Repeat this step once.

   8. Resuspend the cell pellet in CELLBANKER^® 1 plus. Count the cells using a hemocytometer, dilute the cells with CELLBANKER^® 1 plus to a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ cells/mL, and aliquot 1 mL into each cryotube vial.

   9. Freeze the cells in a -80 °C ultra-low temperature freezer by using a BICELL. By using BICELL, the temperature of cryotubes can be gradually lowered.




2. Mouse mating to obtain blastocysts

   1. Both male and female mice are sexually mature at eight weeks, being able to mate and give birth. One male should be kept in each cage for mating. In the evening, select females in estrus with large vulvae and keep them with one male and one or two females per cage.

   2. The next morning, check female mice. If they have mated, their vagina is filled with the copulatory plug. The noon of the plug confirmation day is defined as 0.5 dpc.

   3. Separate plugged females from the male and keep them in an individual cage until being used for dissection.




3. Preparation of MEF feeders

   1. Day -1. One day before starting the derivation, coat 24-well plate with 0.2% (weight/vol) gelatin (see Recipe 5) (200 μL/well) for 15 min at room temperature. Aspirate the gelatin solution before seeding the feeder cells (Figure 2A).

   2. Rapidly melt a frozen vial of mitotically inactivated MEFs in a 37 °C water bath until thawed and transfer the cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 5 mL of MEF medium. Centrifuge the tube at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant.

   3. Resuspend the cell pellet in MEF medium. Plate at a density of 5 × 10⁶ cells per plate of a 24-well plate, 12-well plate, 6-well plate, or six 35 mm dishes in MEF medium, and then incubate the plates overnight at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.




4. Recovery of blastocyst-stage embryos from uterus

   Notes:

   1. Use scissors and forceps that have been sterilized in an autoclave.

   2. StemFit^® AK02N comprises liquids A, B, and C. Liquid C remains unutilized in the establishment of PrESCs. Liquids A and B are entirely identical to StemFit^® Basic02. StemFit^® Basic03 serves as a viable substitute for AK02N. StemFit^® AK02N, Basic02, and AK03N are exclusively accessible within Japan, whereas StemFit^® Basic03 boasts global availability.

   
   

   1. Day 0. Thoroughly clean an experiment bench and a dissection microscope with 70% ethanol.

   2. Euthanize a pregnant mouse at 3.5 dpc, dissect out the uterus, and place it on a clean paper towel or filter paper. Follow the facility’s rules for euthanasia. Remove fat tissues and cut away the ovary and oviducts (Figure 1A). Place the uterus in a fresh 2 mL drop of AK02N medium (see Recipe 2) in a 60 mm Petri dish.

   3. Under a dissection microscope, with a 5 mL syringe, take 5 mL of the AK02N medium and attach a needle (21 gauge). While securing the uterine horn with forceps, stick the needle and flush the uterine horn with ~0.5 mL of AK02N medium in the direction of the ovary to the vagina and remove the uterine horn from the dish. Repeat the same process for the other uterine horn (Figure 1B).

   4. Under higher magnification, find the flushed blastocysts in the drop and transfer them to a new drop of AK02N medium by using a P20 micro-pipette.

      
      

      
      Figure 1. Recovery of blastocyst-stage embryos from uterus




5. PrESC derivation

   Notes:

   1. Steps E1–E5 can be executed under ambient conditions; however, it is imperative to manipulate the culture plate lid with utmost care and minimal frequency to avert potential contamination by microorganisms or particulate matter. Avoid prolonged exposure of the plate lid. Consider the advantageous inclusion of a dissection microscope within a sterile workbench.

   2. StemFit^® Basic03 medium by Ajinomoto serves as a viable substitute for AK02N. StemFit^® AK02N, Basic02, and AK03N are exclusively accessible within Japan, whereas StemFit^® Basic03 boasts global availability.

   3. The survival rate of MMC-treated MEFs following freeze-thaw exhibits variability; it is imperative to ensure comprehensive coverage of the well’s bottom by MEFs. Employing MEFs with an insufficient density may precipitate differentiation into PrESCs.

   4. The establishment of PrESCs should be precluded by the utilization of N2B27/Neurobasal/DMEMF12 (1:1) medium, a conventional choice in stem cell culture, as a replacement for the specialized AK02N.

   5. The utilization of serum-containing media in lieu of AK02N will result in failure to establish PrESCs, accompanied by the loss of pluripotency marker expression and the emergence of XENC-like cells.

   
   

   1. Day 0. Thoroughly clean an experiment bench and a dissection microscope with 70% ethanol.

   2. The day before starting the derivation, aspirate the medium on the MEF feeders and replace it with 500 μL of PrESC medium (see Recipe 3) in the prepared 24-well plate (Figure 2A).

   3. Under a dissection microscope, using P2 micro-pipette, place one blastocyst per each MEF-covered well in the plate and then incubate the plates at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

   4. Day 5. Observe the plate under an inverted microscope. The blastocysts should have started to form an outgrowth (Figure 2B). Carefully aspirate the medium, change it with 500 μL of fresh PrESC medium, and return the plate to the incubator.

   5. Day 7, passage 1. Observe the plate under an inverted microscope. The blastocysts should have formed an outgrowth. Carefully aspirate the medium and add 200 μL of TrypLE^TM Select to each well. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 5 min.

   6. Dissociate the outgrowth by pipetting into single cells using a P1000 pipette and transfer the cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 2 mL of AK02N medium. Centrifuge the tube at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and carefully aspirate the supernatant as much as possible. Excessive carryover of TrypLE^TM Select adversely affects MEF after passage. Since the pellet after centrifugation is very small and fragile, gently aspirate and leave approximately 50 μL of medium together with the pellet.

   7. Resuspend the cell pellet in 500 μL of PrESC medium, passage into one MEF-covered well in the prepared 24-well plate, and then incubate the plates overnight at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

   8. Day 12. Observe the plate under an inverted microscope. Small colonies should be forming (Figure 2B and 2C). Carefully aspirate the medium and change it with 500 μL of fresh PrESC medium. When using StemFit^® Basic03 medium, the morphology of the colony after the first passaging may be indistinct and difficult to see, but after the second passaging a well-defined colony becomes visible.

      
      

      
      Figure 2. Primitive endoderm stem cell (PrESC) derivation from mouse blastocyst. A. Schedule for PrESC derivation. B. Outgrowth or colony morphology at each time point. C. Derivation of PrESCs in Basic03 medium. Scale bar, 100 μm.

   
   

   9. Day 14, passage 2. Carefully aspirate the medium and add 200 μL of TrypLE^TM Select to each well. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 5 min.

   10. Dissociate the cells by pipetting into single cells by using a P200 pipette and transfer the cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 2 mL of AK02N medium. Centrifuge the tube at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant.

   11. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of PrESC medium, passage into one MEF-covered well in the prepared 12-well plate, and then incubate the plate at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

   12. Day 19. Observe the plate under an inverted microscope. PrESC colonies should be forming. Carefully aspirate the medium and change it with 1 mL of fresh PrESC medium.

   13. Day 21, passage 3. Carefully aspirate the medium and add 200 μL of TrypLE^TM Select to each well. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 5 min.

   14. Dissociate the cells by pipetting into single cells by using a P1000 pipette and transfer the cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 2 mL of AK02N medium. Centrifuge the tube at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant.

   15. Resuspend the cell pellet in 2 mL of PrESC medium, passage into MEF-covered wells in the prepared 6-well plate, and then incubate the plate at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

   16. After PrESCs reach approximately 70% confluency, passage into MEF-covered wells at 1:5 to 1:10 dilution. Change medium every other day.




6. Cryopreservation

   1. The viable rate of PrESCs after freeze-thaw is low, and cryopreservation must be at a higher density than for ESCs or TSCs. PrESCs have grown to 70% confluency in a 35 mm dish; aspirate the medium and add 1 mL of TrypLE^TM Select to each well. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 5 min.

   2. Dissociate the cells by pipetting into single cells by using a P1000 pipette and transfer the cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 5 mL of AK02N medium. Centrifuge the tube at 300× g for 5 min at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant.

   3. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of CELLBANKER^® 1 plus cryoprotective reagent and transfer into two cryotubes (500 μL/tube). Use of cryoprotective reagents that do not contain serum may significantly further reduce cell viability after thawing.

   4. Freeze the cells in a -80 °C ultra-low temperature freezer by using a BICELL. By using BICELL, the temperature of cryotubes can be gradually lowered.

   5. For long-term storage, store the tubes after freezing in a -150 °C ultra-low temperature freezer.




7. Checking gene expression of PrESCs markers

   PrESCs co-express pluripotency and endodermal markers (Ohinata, Endo et al., 2022). Check the gene expression by immunofluorescence staining for OCT4 (a pluripotency marker) and SOX17 (an endoderm marker) (Figure 3).

   
   

   
   Figure 3. Co-expression of a pluripotent marker (OCT4) and an endoderm marker (SOX17) in primitive endoderm stem cell (PrESCs). Scale bar, 100 μm.

   
   

   1. Culture PrESCs in a MEF-covered 35 mm glass-bottom cell culture dish.

   2. When PrESCs reach desired cell density (usually approximately 70% confluency recommended), aspirate medium, wash twice with 2 mL of PBS, and fix with 2 mL of 4% PFA/PBST at room temperature for 30 min.

   3. Wash cells three times in 2 mL of PBST (see Recipe 7) at room temperature for 15 min.

   4. Block cells in 2 mL of 0.5% normal donkey serum (NDS)/PBST at room temperature for 30 min.

   5. React cells with 1 mL of primary antibody solution [rabbit anti-OCT4 (1:1,000), goat anti-SOX17 (1:1,000, 10 mg/mL stock solution) in 0.5% NDS/PBST] at room temperature for 30 min.

   6. Wash cells three times in 2 mL of PBST at room temperature for 15 min.

   7. React cells with 1 mL of secondary antibody solution [donkey anti-rabbit IgG Alexa 488 (1:1,000), donkey anti-goat IgG Alexa 568 (1:1,000), Hoechst 33342 (5 μg/mL) in PBST] at room temperature for 30 min.

   8. Wash cells three times in 2 mL of PBST at room temperature for 15 min.

   9. Observe cells with an inverted confocal microscope.

Validation of protocol

This protocol was used in the following paper:

1. Ohinata, Y. et al. (2022). Establishment of mouse stem cells that can recapitulate the developmental potential of primitive endoderm. Science 375(6580): 574-578.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI under Grant Number 18H05366 and 19H05757 to Y.O.

This protocol was derived from the original work of Ohinata et al. (2022).

Competing interests

RIKEN has a patent pending (JP2019-118733) on the method for derivation and maintenance of PrESCs. Y.O. and H.K. are the inventors of the patent. There is no conflict of interest relevant to this study.

Ethical considerations

All animal experiments conformed to our guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the Institutional Committee for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences AEY2023-019(2) and Chiba University A5-002).

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