Brain Tissue Culture of Per2::Luciferase Transgenic Mice for ex vivo Bioluminescence

Materials and Reagents

1. Gloves
   
2. Carbon steel scalpel No. 24 (Swann-Morton, catalog number: 0211 )
   
3. Double edge stainless steel razor blade (Electron Microscopy Sciences, catalog number: 72000 )
   
4. Nunc^TM cell culture/Petri dishes (35 mm, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 150318 )
   
5. 10 ml syringe (Terumo Medical, catalog number: SS-10ES )
   
6. Corning^® vacuum filter system 500 ml, sterile, pore size: 0.22 µm (Corning, catalog number: 431097 )
7. Sterile sampling pot: aseptic 40 ml polypropylene straight container with screw cap (Dominique DUTSCHER, Corning GOSSELIN^TM, catalog number: 688252 )
   
8. Falcon Corning^® 15 ml PP Centrifuge Tubes (Corning, catalog number: 430791 )
   
9. Falcon Corning^® 50 ml PP Centrifuge Tubes (Corning, catalog number: 430829 )
   
10. Fisherbrand^TM SureOne^TM 0.1-10 µl aerosol barrier pipette tips (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 11903466 )
    
11. Fisherbrand^TM SureOne^TM 20-200 µl aerosol barrier pipette tips (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 11963466 )
    
12. Fisherbrand^TM SureOne^TM 100-1,000 µl aerosol barrier pipette tips (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 11973466 )
    
13. Costar^® 5 ml Stripette^® serological pipets, sterile (Corning, catalog number: 4487 )
    
14. Costar^® 10 ml Stripette^® serological pipets, sterile (Corning, catalog number: 4488 )
15. Costar^® 25 ml Stripette^® serological pipets, sterile (Corning, catalog number: 4489 )
    
16. Axygen^® 0.2 ml Thin Wall PCR Tubes with Flat Cap (Corning, catalog number: PCR-02-C )
    
17. Axygen^® 0.6 ml Maxy Clear SnaplockMicrocentrifuge Tube (Corning, catalog number: MCT-060-C )
    
18. Millicell^® cell culture insert (Merck, catalog number: PICMORG50 )
    
19. Per2::Luciferase homozygote knock-in (KI) Musmusculus (Per^2tm1Jt)
    Note: Mice were initially from Jackson Laboratories. Generally, we used young-adult (2-6 months old) mice, males as well as females, from our own breeding colony (Chronobiotron platform, UMS-3415 in Strasbourg). Aside from specific protocols, mice were housed in groups–of 3 or 4 individuals with food and water available ad libitum– in light-proof ventilated rooms, under 12 h white light and 12 h dim red light (< 5 lux at cage level) cycle (LD12:12; lights on at 7:00 A.M.).
    
20. Antibiotic (penicillin-streptomycin 10,000 U/ml; 10,000 mg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4333 ), stored at -20 °C
    
21. B27 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 17504044 ), stored at -20 °C
    
22. Hank’s balanced salt solution with red phenol (HBSS; 10x, Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H1641 ) stored at room temperature
    
23. HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H0887 ), stored at 4 °C
    
24. Sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S8761 ), stored at 4 °C
    
25. Bactericide/fungicide: ANIOSYME DD1 (Laboratoires ANIOS, Lille-Hellemmes, France)
    
26. Commercial chlorine in tablets to make 10x bleach
    
27. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 10x (DMEM) with low glucose without red phenol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D2902 ), stored at 4 °C
    
28. D (+) Glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7021 ), stored at room temperature
    
29. Beetle luciferin (Promega, catalog number: E1602 ), stored at -80 °C
    
30. High vacuum grease (Dow corning^®, Wiesbaden, Germany), stored at room temperature
    
31. MilliQ Water
    
32. EtOH 70%
    
33. 0.1 M luciferin (see Recipes), stored at -20 °C
    
34. HBSS 1x (see Recipes), stored at 4 °C
    
35. DMEM 1x (see Recipes), stored at 4 °C
    
36. Cleaning solution for tools (see Recipes)

Equipment

Note: All items without reference can be ordered from any qualified company.

1. Stainless steel mouse brain matrix (Adult Mouse Brain Slicer Matrix, Zivic Instruments, catalog number: BSMAS005-1 )
   Note: Other brain matrixes (for hamsters or rats) exist.
   
2. Stainless steel tweezers, fine tips, straight
   Note: To have a better sight of the dissection tools, see Figure 1.
   
   
   Figure 1. Surgery instruments used during the protocol. 1) Carbon steel scalpel No. 24; 2) Double edge stainless steel razor blade; 3) Stainless steel mouse brain matrix; 4-5) Stainless steel tweezers, fine tips, straight; 6) Friedman bone rongeur; 7) Curved Scissors, fine tips; 8) Stainless steel operating scissors, straight.
   
   
3. Stainless steel operating scissors, straight
   
4. Curved Scissors, fine tips
   
5. Friedman bone rongeur
   
6. Vacuum pump (KNF, catalog number: N86KN.18 )
   
7. Red light lamp (around 620-650 nm)
   
8. Fiber optic light source (SCHOTT, catalog number: KL 1500LCD )
   
9. Stereo Microscope (Nikon, catalog number: 536087 )
   
10. Sterilized BRAND^® Petri dish, glass, size 100 mm x 15 mm (BRAND, catalog number: 455742 )
    
11. 1 L sterilized bottle
    
12. 500 ml sterilized bottle
    
13. 100 ml sterilized measuring cylinder
    
14. 1 L sterilized measuring cylinder
    
15. 1 L sterilized beaker
    
16. Magnet
    
17. Magnetic plate (size: big enough for 1 L beaker; strength: enough to dissolve powder into a liquid)
    
18. P10 pipetman^® classic (Gilson, catalog number: F144802 )
    
19. P20 pipetman^® classic (Gilson, catalog number: F123600 )
    
20. P200 pipetman^® classic (Gilson, catalog number: F123601 )
    
21. P1000 pipetman^® classic (Gilson, catalog number: F123602 )
    
22. Pipetboy acu 2 (INTEGRA Biosciences, catalog number: 155019 )
    
23. Milli-Q^® water system
    
24. Ice maker
    
25. Fridge (4 °C)
    
26. Fume hood (horizontal flow)
    
27. Fume hood (vertical flow)
    
28. Autoclave
    
29. Photo-counting apparatus as LumiCycle 32 (Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL, USA) inside 36.5 °C incubator
    
30. 37 °C incubator
    Note: Petri dishes will be sealed. We do not need 5% CO₂; an incubator that keeps only medium or dishes at 37 °C is enough.

Software

1. LumiCycle Analysis for data extraction
   
2. Table software like Microsoft Office Excel for data extraction
   
3. SigmaPlot for statistics
   
4. GraphPad for graphs
   

Procedure

Before the experiment

1. Prepare antibiotic and B27 aliquots, and keep them at -20 °C. Prepare 1 mM of luciferin (see Recipes).
   Note: The aliquots should avoid repeat freeze/thaw cycles, optimally less than 5 times.
   
2. Classify your animals according to their genotype to select homozygote knock-in (KI) mice for the transgene Per2::Luc; keep in mind that the heterogeneous KI/+ should have the half of the signal due to the presence of only one allele.
   Note: Probes that we used for PCR genotyping are the same as that described in Yoo et al. (2004).
   
3. Prepare HBSS 1x and DMEM 1x under a clean fume hood (see Recipes).
   Note: Fresh HBSS 1x and DMEM 1x can be prepared on the day of experiment, but HBSS has to be cold enough.

1. Preparation
   1. Prepare the DMEM medium ready-to-use by adding B27, antibiotics and luciferin (see Recipes).
      Note: It is not necessary to filter the medium again.
      
   2. Prepare sampling pot, for each animal, filled with HBSS 1x enough for the brain to bathe (around 10 ml).
      
   3. Prepare culture dishes as many as samples. Number them on the cover side. Put 1 ml of ready-to-use DMEM in each and cover the top with vacuum grease. The grease avoids the medium to evaporate at 37 °C: the samples will not dry and the apparatus will stay dry. Put the cover gently on its Petri dish and keep them at 37 °C in the incubator.
      Notes:
      1. Avoid red/pink ink. To open the LumiCycle and put the samples inside, it must be done under red light.
         
      2. To easily cover the top, first fill a 10 ml syringe with the grease (see Video 1).
      
      
   
   Video 1. Petri dish sealing. This video shows how we use a syringe to seal Petri dishes cleanly.
   
   
   4. Clean the fume hood (horizontal flow) and all the equipment inside (stereomicroscope, lamp) with 70% EtOH. Clean the brain matrix and all the forceps with 70% EtOH and let them dry under the clean fume hood. Cover the brain matrix with aluminum paper and keep it at 4 °C at least 1 h before to cool it down.
      Note: It is also possible to put the matrix in the freezer to cool it faster but do not let it inside too much time. If the matrix is too cold, the brain will stick on it. If it happens, put some drops of HBSS medium on the brain and the matrix to take off the slices. 
      
2. Sampling
   1. Kill the mouse by cervical dislocation.
      
   2. Then, obtain the brain quickly and keep it in HBSS 1x on ice/or in the fridge until dissection.
      
   3. To avoid degradation of the tissue (if all the procedure reaches more than ~1 h), we recommend starting with the sacrifice of one or two animals at once.
      Notes: 
      1. This sacrifice method is performed in accordance with the rules of the French National Law and the European Committee Council Directive of September 22, 2010 (2010/63/UE).
         
      2. We do not use sedation. You can use another method of sacrifice that allows you to obtain quickly the brain.
         
      3. If you need more than one sample, be careful at what time you are sampling. It is important for sampling at the same moment, or to check if sampling at different moment of the day is not affecting your data.
         
      4. We generally spent less than 1 min per animal to extract the brain after its death. 
         
3. Dissection
   1. Put the brain inside the matrix and slice it in a single act with the razor blade (around 500 µm of thickness). To place the brain upside down could be a solution to find anatomical landmarks as the optic chiasma, and find the location of the slice containing the area of interest with the help of a brain atlas (see Figure 2). It is also possible to section the whole brain (see Video 2) and, afterward select the slice where your structure of interest is.
      Note: We generally spent less than 2 min to slice the whole brain.
      
   
   
   Figure 2. Upside down mouse brain in the matrix. The optic chiasma pointed with the arrow can be used as an anatomical landmark.
   
   
   
   Video 2. Brain slicing with the mouse matrix
   
   
   2. Microdissection is done under the stereomicroscope in cold HBSS, in the glass and sterilized Petri dish. Try to minimize the sample to fit in 1 mm²: in this way, tissue will have access to all the nutrients needed easily, and avoid necrosis.
      Notes:
      1. It is also possible to use plastic culture dish, but after one or two microdissections, the scalpel leaves marks on it while it does not on glass. Also, glass Petri dish can be used again after sterilization.
         
      2. We usually use forceps to maintain the sample and scalpel to cut a square containing the structure of interest. However, it is important to microdissect only the area of interest if adjacent areas also oscillate. For example, the SCN fits in a square without any problem, while another brain structure of our interest, the habenula, needs to have all the other tissues around it removed.
         
      3. We generally spent between 3-5 min to microdissect according to the difficulty of the area of interest. If you have many brains, one person can slice the brain with the matrix while the second one is microdissecting to accelerate the experiment.
   3. Pick up the culture dish inside the incubator corresponding to the sample and put the cell culture insert (Millicell^®) on the medium. It should not have any bubbles under it. If this is the case, take it out and put it back. Place your sample on the top of it with your forceps or by recovering your sample with your 1,000 µl pipette. Remove the remained HBSS1x on the top of the culture insert (see Video 3).
      
      
   
   Video 3. Sample dropping on the Millicell^® culture insert
   
   
   4. Return the sample into the incubator until you collect all of them.
      Note: We generally spent less than 5 min to place the sample on the insert and to return the petri dish inside the incubator. 
      
4. LumiCycle
   1. At the end, put your samples in a photon-counting luminometer as the LumiCycle. You will need to be in dim red light and in low intensity to avoid the light (mostly green-yellow light) altering sensitive photomultipliers inside. The LumiCycle 32, as its name says, allows you to have 32 samples inside. You can turn on them at once or at several times.
      
   2. We usually record our sample 3 times in one hour by setting 112 sec of recording per sample.
      
   3. After 7 days, you will need to change your medium if you want to keep the sample on recording.
      Note: It depends on your sample (the size, its consumption of luciferin…) and your experiment schedule. You need to check your sample oscillations and change them when they are low. 
      
5. Cleaning
   1. To make sure that no bacteria or fungi will grow in medium used for dissection or culture, we add 10x bleach into it until the liquid becomes clear before throwing away.
      
   2. Place all the forceps used and the brain matrix in the cleaning solution for 20 min minimum. They need to be fully dipped or at least the part that was in contact with the tissues. Wash the equipment under tap water and dry them. Be careful the solution is toxic; therefore, do not discard it in the sink.
      Note: We usually let the tools in the cleaning solution overnight. Avoid bleach as it will harm your equipment.
      
   3. Clean the fume hood (horizontal flow) and all the equipment inside (stereo microscope, lamp) with 70% EtOH.

Data analysis

1. LumiCycle Analysis
   Note: You will be able to copy the recording file(s) at every moment of the experiment even if the LumiCycle is still recording.
   We use the LumiCycle analysis which fits a mathematical model for the extraction of the oscillation characteristics (period, amplitude, acrophase). You can calculate manually, but the software is quite accurate with less effort.
   First, we subtract the baseline of our oscillations with 24 h-running average. In the end, we obtain a sinusoid curve which oscillates around the 0 of the y-axis which can be associated to different mathematical models. The smoothing of the data helps for a best fitting between the experimental and theoretical oscillations.
   Then, we use the ‘LM fit (dampened)’ model which fits best to our oscillation. It takes the dampening into account and gives us a proper fit (goodness), meaning that 100% is a perfect fitting of your model on your data (LumiCycle software, Actimetrics). From the mathematical model, the software calculates the period and the first peak amplitude (by selecting the relative T₀) of the selected time window of the oscillation. Unlike the ‘LM fit’, periodogram model calculates the mean of the period and amplitude of the oscillation along time. We also measure the acrophase, the time when the peak occurs, with the help of the yellow slider which gives us the time at its position.
   Refer to Video 4 for the detailed procedures.
   Note: We usually skip the first hours of recording due to the huge peak of bioluminescence at the beginning (artifact). We recommend doing this analysis on at least 3-days oscillations.
   
   
   
   Video 4. Data analysis step by step with the LumiCycle Analysis software. This video shows how to use the data file given by the LumiCycle, how to analyze the data with the software tools and how to extract the data on Excel software to have a look into the oscillation.
   
   Then, we export oscillation data (raw or baseline subtracted) as .csv file which can be opened by a table software. This allows us to recreate the oscillation using the graph software desired (see Figure 3).
   
   
   Figure 3. Example of an oscillation of habenula sample from a Per2::Luciferase transgenic mouse. After 3 days (first arrow), the sample was removed from the LumiCycle for another experiment and it was put back with a new and fresh culture medium (second arrow). The last arrow indicates that the sample is dying after the last medium change (around 10.5 days).
   
   
2. Exclusion
   The ‘LM fit (dampened)’ model offers a proper fit (goodness). A threshold should be defined by the user under which the oscillation is considered to be arrhythmic. However, the sample cannot be excluded.
   When no rhythm is observed and the data is like flat, there are two possibilities: cells are desynchronized (at the tissue level, the rhythm disappears) or the sample is dead. When a sample is dead, the data values of bioluminescence have to be in the range of the noise of the apparatus. The noise can be obtained by putting just the medium without any sample in the LumiCycle for each photomultiplicator.
   Note: We usually placed the threshold at 70% for habenula samples. You need to verify each time how your data fits the model.
   

Notes

Troubleshooting steps

Recipes

1. 0.1 M luciferin
   Note: In this protocol, we used 0.1 mM luciferin. Too high concentration is toxic. Other protocols can be used for different concentrations of luciferin but they should not exceed 1 mM. Be aware that different concentrations of luciferin will lead to different results. For detailed information, refer to Feeney et al. (2016).
   1. Add 1.57 ml of MilliQ water directly in the luciferin jar (50 mg)
      
   2. Prepare aliquots of it and store them at -20 °C in light proof container
2. HBSS 1x (for 1 L)
   1. Add all the component in a sterilized beaker under a clean fume hood (use sterilized materials/equipment only):
      100 ml of HBSS 10x
      4.7 ml of sodium bicarbonate
      10 ml of HEPES
      10 ml of antibiotics
      Complete with sterile MilliQ water
      
   2. Keep it cold in 1 L sterilized bottle in the fridge. You can use it up to 4-5 months if it is still clear/clean
3. DMEM 1x (for 1 L)
   1. Add all the components in a sterilized beaker under a clean fume hood (use sterilized materials/equipment only):
      10 g of DMEM 10x (all the powder of the jar)
      4.7 ml of sodium bicarbonate
      10 ml of HEPES
      1.5 ml of antibiotics
      3.5 g of D (+) glucose
      500 ml of sterile MilliQ water
      
   2. Homogenize until the powder is fully dissolved by using a clean magnet and complete it with sterile MilliQ water
      
   3. Filtrate (0.22 μm, sterile) and store it in at least 2 sterilized 500 ml bottles. We use them up in 4 months since the bottle is opened if the medium remains clear/clean; 2 bottles will be available for 8 months
      
   4. On the experiment day, for each sample, prepare 1 ml of DMEM 1x and add 20 µl of B27, 1 µl of antibiotics and 1 µl of luciferin (stock solution 0.1 M) just before use. Keep it at 37 °C in a light proof place
      Note: We usually prepare 1 ml extra. For 7 samples, prepare 8 ml in a Falcon tube.
4. Cleaning solution
   25 ml of ANIOSYME DD1 in 5 L of tap water

Acknowledgments

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Funding sources of the present study were provided by the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR-14-CE13-0002-01 ADDiCLOCK JCJC to JM and NLS Ph.D. fellow) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (JM).
The authors thank Mr. Guillaume Vanotti for his help with the video production, Dr. Nadia Mazzaro and Mr. Maxime Sartori for their comments and suggestions and Mr. Hikmet Undemir for the proofreading.
This protocol was adapted from the procedures published in Yoo et al. (2004) and Yamazaki and Takahashi (2005).

References

1. Bioluminescent Reporters. Promega. (Accessed January 9, 2018)
   
2. Feeney, K. A., Putker, M., Brancaccio, M. and O'Neill, J. S. (2016). In-depth characterization of firefly luciferase as a reporter of circadian gene expression in mammalian cells. J Biol Rhythms 31(6): 540-550.
   
3. Gould, S. J., and Subramani, S. (1988). Firefly luciferase as a tool in molecular and cell biology. Anal Biochem 175: 5-13.
   
4. Takahashi, J. S., Hong, H. K., Ko, C. H. and McDearmon, E. L. (2008). The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nat Rev Genet 9(10): 764-775.
   
5. Yamazaki, S. and Takahashi, J. S. (2005). Real-time luminescence reporting of circadian gene expression in mammals. Methods Enzymol 393: 288-301.
   
6. Yamazaki, S., Numano, R., Abe, M., Hida, A., Takahashi, R., Ueda, M., Block, G. D., Sakaki, Y., Menaker, M. and Tei, H. (2000). Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 288(5466): 682-685.
7. Yoo, S. H., Yamazaki, S., Lowrey, P. L., Shimomura, K., Ko, C. H., Buhr, E. D., Siepka, S. M., Hong, H. K., Oh, W. J., Yoo, O. J., Menaker, M. and Takahashi, J. S. (2004). PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(15): 5339-5346.