Peptide Loading on MHC Class I Molecules of Tumor Cells

Materials and Reagents

1. T25 Flasks (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog numbers: 353108 )
   
2. T75 Flasks (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog numbers: 353136 )
   
3. 15 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352096 )
   
4. 6 well plates (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 353046 )
   
5. 1.5 ml Safe-Lock tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 0030120086 )
   
6. 96 well plates (Corning, catalog number: 3799 )
   
7. FACS tubes
   
8. Tumor cell line (grown in flasks, in incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂)
   
9. RPMI 1640 (Euroclone, catalog number: ECM9106L )
   
10. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) heat-inactivated for 1 h at 56 °C (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^®, catalog number: 10270-106 )
    
11. Penicillin/streptomycin (EuroClone, catalog number: ECB3001D )
    
12. L-glutamine (EuroClone, catalog number: ECB3000D )
    
13. EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E5134 )
    
14. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (EuroClone, catalog number: ECB4004L )
    
15. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A2153-100G )
    
16. Trypan-Blue
    
17. Na₂HPO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S5136 )
    
18. Citric acid monohydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 251275 )
    
19. mAb W6/32
    
20. Beta 2-microglobulin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M4890 )
    
21. Peptides (lyophilized, resuspended in DMSO at 10 mM) (Anaspec)
    
22. Goat F(ab’)2 Fragment anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-FITC (Beckman Coulter, catalog number: PN IM0819 )
    
23. Complete RPMI (see Recipes)
    
24. 833 μM EDTA (see Recipes)
    
25. FACS buffer (see Recipes)
    
26. Acid buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Centrifuge, used with maximal acceleration and deceleration (Eppendorf, model: 5810R )
   
2. Incubator (5% CO₂, 37 °C) (Forma^TM Steri-Cult^TM CO₂ Incubator-Thermo Fisher Scientific)
   
3. Flow cytometer equipped with 2 lasers (8 detectors), interfaced with PC using DIVA Software version 6.1.3 (BD, model: FACSCanto II )

Software

1. DIVA software version 6.1.3
   
2. FlowJo software
   

Procedure

1. Acid treatment of tumor cell lines
   1. Tumor cells are cultured in fresh RPMI medium at a cell density ≥ 0.5-2 x 10⁶ cell/ml depending on the type of cells, in an incubator at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
      
   2. Wash adherent cells in PBS (5 ml) and detach cells by adding 833 μM EDTA (1 ml for T25 flask and 2 ml for T75 flask) for 3-5 min in an incubator at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
      
   3. Wash cells twice with PBS (2 x 5 ml in 15 ml tube) by centrifugation at 468 x g for 7 min and re-suspend them in cold FACS buffer.
      
   4. Count total viable cells with Trypan-Blue exclusion method.
      
   5. Harvest 5-10 x 10⁶ cells with 5 ml PBS (at RT) in 15 ml tubes.
      
   6. Centrifuge cells at 468 x g for 7 min.
      
   7. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the cells in 600 μl cold acid buffer by manual gentle shaking.
      
   8. Incubate for 1 to 3 min on ice (preliminary experiments should be performed for each cell line to detect the best condition to completely dissociate MHC class I complexes by preserving cell viability; the complete dissociation will be deduced with the cell surface expression of HLA class I molecules detected by staining the cells with the mAb W6/32).
      
   9. Immediately add 10 ml of complete RPMI (at RT).
      
   10. Centrifuge cells at 468 x g for 7 min.
       
   11. Discard supernatant and re-suspend the cells in 10 ml of complete RPMI.
       
   12. Centrifuge cells at 468 x g for 7 min.
       
   13. Discard supernatant and re-suspend the cells in 1 ml of complete RPMI containing beta 2-microglobulin (5 μg/ml).
       
       
2. Pulsing with peptides
   
   1. Seed the cells in 6 well plate at a cell density of 1 x 10⁶ cells/well. Prepare 1 well for the control (without peptide) and 1 well for each peptide to be tested and/or a mix of different peptides.
      
   2. Add 50 μM of peptide (stocked at 10 mM, single or a mix of different peptides).
      
   3. Incubate for 2 h at RT and for additional 2 h at 37 °C in an incubator.
      
      
3. Staining and FACS analysis
   
   1. Harvest cells in 1.5 ml Safe-Lock tubes and centrifuge at 468 x g for 7 min.
      
   2. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the cells in 100 μl of cold FACS buffer.
      
   3. Distribute in a round-bottom 96 well plate (50 μl/well).
      
   4. Centrifuge the plate at 832 x g for 2 min at 4 °C.
      
   5. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend cells in 50 μl of cold FACS buffer containing mAb W6/32 (diluted 1:500) or in 50 μl of cold FACS buffer without mAb; mix carefully.
      
   6. Incubate for 25 min on ice.
      
   7. Add 150 μl of cold FACS buffer and centrifuge at 832 x g at 4 °C.
      
   8. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend cells in 50 μl of cold FACS buffer containing goat F(ab’)2 Fragment anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-FITC (diluted 1:100); mix carefully.
      
   9. Incubate for 25 min on ice in the dark.
      
   10. Add 150 μl of cold FACS buffer and centrifuge at 832 x g at 4 °C.
       
   11. Discard the supernatant and re-suspended cells in 150 µl of cold FACS buffer in FACS tubes and perform flow cytometric analysis. Viable human single cells will be selected by gating in forward scatter versus side scatter dot plot and the amount of cell surface MHC class I expression will be evaluated by mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) (Figure 1). Pulsing with high affinity peptides allows the recovery of surface MHC class I expression of acid-treated cells.
       
   12. Acquire data using DIVA software and analyse using FlowJo software.
       
       
       Figure 1. Recovery of peptide-MHC class I complexes on the surface of acid-treated DAOY cells pulsed with high affinity peptides. Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I expressed on DAOY tumor cells left untreated (blue line) or pretreated with low pH buffer to allow dissociation of preformed peptide-MHC class I complexes (red line) and then pulsed with high affinity peptides (green line). Isotype-matched negative control antibody displayed as the black line. 
       

Recipes

1. Complete RPMI
   440 ml RPMI 1640
   50 ml FBS
   5 ml penicillin-streptomycin
   5 ml L-glutamine
   
2. 833 μM EDTA
   Dissolve 7.3 g EDTA in 50 ml sterile water
   Adjust pH to 8.0
   Add 83.3 μl of this solution in 50 ml sterile PBS
   Filter sterilize through a 20 µm filter
   Store at 4 °C
   
3. FACS buffer
   50 ml PBS
   1 g BSA
   4.Acid buffer
   Dissolve 2.52 g Na₂HPO₄ (263 mM) and 1.29 g Citric acid monohydrate (123 mM) in 50 ml sterile water
   Adjusted pH to 2.5
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Cifaldi et al. (2015). We acknowledge funding from Italian Ministry of Health (Rome, Italy) grant and the special project 5 x 1,000 Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC, Milan, Italy) grant.

References

1. Cifaldi, L., Romania, P., Falco, M., Lorenzi, S., Meazza, R., Petrini, S., Andreani, M., Pende, D., Locatelli, F. and Fruci, D. (2015). ERAP1 regulates natural killer cell function by controlling the engagement of inhibitory receptors. Cancer Res 75(5): 824-834.