T Follicular Helper Cell Coculture Assay

Materials and Reagents

1. Lymph node mononuclear cells (LMNCs)
   
2. Benzonse^® Nuclease (EMD Millipore, catalog number: 70664 )
   
3. LIVE/DEAD^® Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit (Life Technologies, catalog number: L34957 )
   
4. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (Toxin Technology Inc, catalog number: BT202 )
   
5. RPMI 1640 Medium 1x with L-Glutamine (Fischer Scientific, catalog number: 10-040-CV )
   
6. 100x Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (5000 units) (Life Technologies, catalog number: 15070063 )
   
7. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Access Cell Culture)
   
8. RPMI 1640 Medium 1x with L-Glutamine and no Phenol red (Gibco^®, Life Technologies, catalog number: 11835-030 )
   
9. HEPES solution (1 M) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H0887 )
   
10. Antibodies:
    1. anti-CD3 (clone: HIT3a ) (BioLegend)
       
    2. anti-CD4 (clone: RPA-T4 ) (BioLegend)
       
    3. anti-CD45RA (clone: IM2711U ) (Beckman Coulter)
       
    4. anti-CXCR5 (clone: RF8B2 ) (BD Biosciences)
       
    5. anti-CD19 (clone: HIB19 ) (BioLegend)
       
    6. anti-IgD (clone: IA6-2 ) (BD Biosciences)
       
    7. anti-CD38 (clone: HIT2 ) (BioLegend)
       
11. Complete media (see Recipes)
    
12. Sorting buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Centrifuge (Sorvall^TM Legend^TM XTR, Thermo Fisher Scientific)
   
2. 15 ml Falcon tube
   
3. BD FACSAria II cell sorter (BD Biosciences)
   
4. 37 °C 5% CO₂ incubator
   
5. 96-well sterile V-bottom plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 249935 )
   
6. 5 ml polystyrene round-bottom tubes with cell-strainer cap (BD Falcon^TM, catalog number: 352235 )
   

Procedure

1. Thaw lymph node mononuclear cells (LMNCs) and wash once to remove all traces of DMSO carried from the freezing media. For information on lymph node samples and processing protocols see reference 1 (Cubas et al., 2013).
   
2. Count the cells and resuspend at 1 x 10⁷ cells/ml in complete media in a 15 ml Falcon tube.
   
3. Treat the cells for 30 min in an incubator at 37 °C 5% CO₂ by adding 25 U/ml of Benzonase^® Nuclease to degrade all DNA/RNA and improve the viability of the cells.
   
4. Pellet the cells in ice cold sorting buffer (containing HEPES) at 1,500 rpm for 5 min and resuspend in sorting buffer at a concentration of 5 x 10⁷ cells/ml.
   
5. Stain cells with a viability dye such as LIVE/DEAD^® Fixable Aqua Dead Cell kit (Vivid) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
   
6. Subsequently, proceed to stain the cells with the following antibodies: anti-CD3 (clone: HIT3a), anti-CD4 (clone: RPA-T4), anti-CD45RA (clone: IM2711U), anti-CXCR5 (clone: RF8B2) to gate on Tfh cells. Additionally and based on the population of B cells that you want to include in your coculture assay include B cell markers. For germinal center B cells you could use the following general markers: anti-CD19 (clone: HIB19), anti-IgD (clone: IA6-2), anti-CD38 (clone: HIT2).
   
7. Stain the cells for 15 min on ice.
   
8. Resuspend the cells in sorting buffer and spin at 1,500 rpm for 5 min.
   
9. Remove the supernatant and resuspend at 3 x 10⁷ cells/ml for sorting. Filter the cells by passing them through a 5 ml polystyrene round-bottom tube with cell-strainer cap.
   
10. Proceed to cell sorting. Gate Tfh cells and germinal center (GC) B cells after excluding doublets and dead cells as: CD3⁺CD4⁺CD45RA^-CXCR5⁺⁺ (Figure 1) and CD3^-CD19⁺CD38⁺IgD^- (Figure 2) respectively.
    
    
    Figure 1. Gating strategy for sorting Tfh cells. Tfh cells are gated as CD3⁺CD4⁺CD45RA^- CXCR5⁺⁺ cells after excluding doublets and dead cells.
    
    
    Figure 2. Gating strategy for sorting GC B cells. GC B cells are gated as CD3^-CD19⁺IgD^-CD38⁺ cells after excluding doublets and dead cells. The different B cell populations in the CD38^-IgD dot plot are depicted.
    
    
11. Once the cells are sorted, resuspend in complete media and centrifuge at 1,500 rpm for 5 min. Carefully remove the supernatant and make sure all the media is taken out. Resuspend the cells in either 250 μl or 500 μl of complete media (depending on number of sorted cells) and count the cells. It is highly recommended to have a post-sort check of the different cell populations sorted to confirm the cell purity.
    
12. Resuspend the cells (both sorted Tfh cells and GC B cells) in complete media and spin down again at 1,200 rpm for 5 min. Remove the supernatant carefully and thoroughly and resuspend in an appropriate amount of complete media to have 1 x 10⁵ cells in 50 μl (you can decide to resuspend at other concentrations but the coculture will have a final volume of 100 μl so you don’t want to have a volume larger than 50 μl for 1 x 10⁵ cells since you are culturing both Tfh cells and GC B cells).
    
13. Transfer 50 μl (1 x 10⁵ cells) from both the sorted Tfh cells and GC B cells into a well of a 96-well V-bottom plate (1:1 ratio).
    
14. Add 100 ng/ml of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) into each well to mimic the antigen-specific interaction between T cells and B cells. Flick the plate carefully to mix and centrifuge at 900 rpm for 1 min.
    
15. Incubate the cells at 37 °C 5% CO₂ for 7 days or a different number of days based on the readout being measured. Testing the viability of the cells and readout measurements at later time points is recommended. Measuring the total levels of IgG in the coculture supernatant can be used as a measure of Tfh-mediated B cell help. Negative controls can include the incubation of GC B cells with naïve CD45RA⁺ cells or CD45RA^-CXCR5^- cells which do not provide B cell help. Cell characterization by flow cytometry can also be used to measure B cell activation and absolute numbers of live cells at the desired time point.
    

Recipes

1. Complete media
   RPMI 1640 (with L-Glutamine)
   10% FBS
   1x Pen/Strep
   
2. Sorting buffer
   RPMI 1640 (with L-Glutamine + no Phenol red)
   2% FBS
   1x Pen/Strep
   25 mM HEPES
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was first used in Cubas et al. (2013).

References

1. Cubas, R. A., Mudd, J. C., Savoye, A. L., Perreau, M., van Grevenynghe, J., Metcalf, T., Connick, E., Meditz, A., Freeman, G. J., Abesada-Terk, G., Jr., Jacobson, J. M., Brooks, A. D., Crotty, S., Estes, J. D., Pantaleo, G., Lederman, M. M. and Haddad, E. K. (2013). Inadequate T follicular cell help impairs B cell immunity during HIV infection. Nat Med 19(4): 494-499.