Materials and Reagents

1. Small gel incubation tray (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, catalog number: sc-358889 )
   
2. Serological pipets, 10 ml (Genesee Scientific, catalog number: 12-104 )
   
3. Pipette tips
   10 µl tips (VWR, catalog number: 46620-318 )
   200 µl tips (VWR, catalog number: 53509-009 )
   1,000 µl tips (VWR, catalog number: 83007-384 )
   
4. Centrifuge tubes, 50 ml (Genesee Scientific, catalog number: 21-106 )
   
5. Microcentrifuge tubes, 1.7 ml (MIDSCI, catalog number: AVSS1700RA )
   
6. Membrane lipid strips with dimensions 2 x 3 cm (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: P-6002 )
   
7. Protein or biomolecule of interest
   
8. Tris (Gold Bio, catalog number: T-400-5 )
   
9. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S9888-25KG )
   
10. Tween 20% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P1379 )
    
11. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A7906-500G )
    
12. Primary antibody against the tagged protein or biomolecule of interest
    
13. Peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody
    
14. ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Kit (GE Healthcare, catalog number: RPN2232 )
    
15. Phospholipids (dissolved in chloroform, commonly used phospholipids are):
    DOPC (Avanti Polar Lipids, catalog number: 850375C )
    POPC (Avanti Polar Lipids, catalog number: 850457C )
    POPA (Avanti Polar Lipids, catalog number: 840857C )
    POPS (Avanti Polar Lipids, catalog number: 840034C )
    
16. Blocking buffer (see Recipes)
    
17. Wash buffer (see Recipes)
    

    Note: See the ‘Notes’ section for a list of materials and reagents used in the companion protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’ that is recommended for follow up experiments (Jimah et al., 2017).

Equipment

1. Pipetman Classic pipets
   P10 (Gilson, catalog number: F144802 )
   P20 (Gilson, catalog number: F123600 )
   P200 (Gilson, catalog number: F123601 )
   P1000 (Gilson, catalog number: F123602 )
   
2. Pipet-Aid XP Pipette controller (Drummond Scientific, catalog number: 4-000-101 )
   
3. Incubator
   
4. BenchRocker^TM variable 2D rocker (Benchmark Scientific, catalog number: BR2000 )
   
5. pH meter (Fisher Scientific, model: Accumet^TM AE150, catalog number: 13-636-AE153 )
   
6. Fluorescent image analyzer (Fujifilm, model: FLA-5000 )
   

   Note: See the ‘Notes’ section for a list of equipment used in the companion protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’ that is recommended for follow up experiments (Jimah et al., 2017).

Procedure

Screen to identify specific membrane lipid binding by biomolecules of interest

1. Purify or obtain the biomolecule of interest.
   Note: Ensure the protein is tagged, for example with a 6-His tag.
   
2. Place lipid strips in a small gel incubation tray, and block lipid strips with 10 ml blocking buffer (see Recipes) at room temperature for one hour.
   Notes:
1. See the ‘Notes’ section for a description of the lipid component of the lipid strips.
   
2. The buffer and pH used depend on the biomolecule tested. For example, acidic conditions could be used if the biomolecule functions in an acidic environment. Also, use enough buffer to cover the lipid strip.
   
3. Wash three times, for five minutes each, with 10 ml wash buffer (see Recipes).
   Note: Suggestions on the duration of washing, blocking and incubation times is described in the Notes section.
   
4. Incubate the membrane lipid strips with the protein or biomolecule in 10 ml blocking buffer for one hour at room temperature.
   Note: The concentration of protein used is determined empirically, and is usually at the low micromolar to nanomolar concentrations.
   
5. Wash three times, for five minutes each, with 10 ml wash buffer.
   
6. Incubate the membrane lipid strips with a primary antibody against the tagged protein or biomolecule in 10 ml blocking buffer for one hour at room temperature.
   Notes:
1. The primary antibody could be against the protein tag or specific to the protein or biomolecule.
   
2. The concentration of primary antibody used is specified by the manufacturer.
   
7. Wash three times, for five minutes each, with 10 ml wash buffer.
   
8. Incubate the membrane lipid strips with a peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody, against the primary antibody, in 10 ml blocking buffer for one hour at room temperature.
   Note: The concentration of secondary antibody used is specified by the manufacturer.
   
9. Use the ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Kit to detect the peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody.
   
10. Image the chemiluminescence using a fluorescent image analyser (Figure 1).
    
    
    Figure 1. Lipid strips probed with PfCelTOS or controls. A. Lipid strip probed with PfCelTOS, followed by primary antibody to CelTOS and a secondary antibody conjugated with peroxidase for visualization. PfCelTOS specifically bound to phosphatidic acid (Jimah et al., 2016). B. Lipid strip probed with primary antibody against His-tag and a secondary antibody conjugated with peroxidase for visualization. Neither the primary or secondary antibody bound to the lipid strip.
    

Data analysis

1. Screen to identify specific membrane lipid binding by biomolecules of interest:
   1. Spot intensities in each strip are normalized to the background for that strip and to the intensities in the negative control(s).
      Note: The negative control may be a no protein control, or a protein that does not bind lipids.
      
   2. The normalized spot intensities, from experimental replicates, are compared to determine if there is a statistical preference for specific lipids by one-way ANOVA.
      Note: Perform appropriate number of replicates for statistical analysis. An example of representative data and analysis is reported in Jimah et al., 2016.
      
      
2. Conclusion
   The protocol described here enables the identification of specific lipids that are targeted by proteins of biomolecules for binding. In addition to binding lipid molecules, some proteins or biomolecules may disrupt membranes by targeting a specific lipid component of a membrane. A companion protocol: ‘Liposome disruption assay to test lytic properties of biomolecules’ describes how to determine and quantify the disruption of membranes by proteins or biomolecules (Jimah et al., 2017). Below is a summary of ‘Screen to identify membrane lipids targeted for membrane disruption by biomolecules’.
   Procedure: Screen to identify membrane lipids targeted for membrane disruption by biomolecules
   Notes:
   1. The identification of specific lipids targeted for binding by biomolecules, described above, will inform the lipids targeted for membrane disruption since binding precedes membrane disruption.
      
   2. The protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’ will be applied to determine if the presence of a particular lipid within membranes is necessary for membrane disruption.
      
   1. Make liposomes composed of lipids that have been identified to bind the biomolecule of interest.
      Note: For example, if the biomolecule binds phosphatidic acid, liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid at 8:2 molar ratio may be made. The addition of phosphatidylcholine is because liposomes composed of phosphatidic acid alone are unstable. In the case of this example, it is also useful to make liposomes composed only of phosphatidylcholine to serve as a negative control.
      
   2. Investigate the membrane disruption activity of the biomolecule on the liposomes following the protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’.
      
   3. Test a range of concentrations of the biomolecule for the ability to disrupt liposomes.
      Note: Recommended concentrations are within the nanomolar and micromolar range. The biomolecule targets specific lipids if low nanomolar concentrations of the biomolecule disrupt membranes containing particular lipids. It may be possible that at high concentrations, the biomolecule nonspecifically disrupts membranes composed of other lipids.
      

      Data analysis: Screen to identify membrane lipids targeted for membrane disruption by biomolecules
      Note: Please refer to the companion protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’ for a detailed description of data analysis. (Jimah et al., 2017).

Notes

1. Membrane lipid strips (Echelon Biosciences) contain the common membrane lipids: triglyceride, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol (4)-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol, 3-sulfogalactosylceramide and cardiolipin.
   
2. Another membrane lipid strip contains additional lipids that may be of interest (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: P-6001) contains: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), Lysophosphocholine (LPC), Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), Phosphatidylinositol (3) phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), Phosphatidylinositol (4) phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), Phosphatidylinositol (5) phosphate (PtdIns(5)P), Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P), Phosphatidylinositol (3,4) bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P₂), Phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P₂), Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂), Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃), Phosphatidic acid (PA), Phosphatidylserine (PS).
   
3. The blocking, incubation, and washing times stated here are recommendations, and may be modified based on empirical observations.
   
4. Please refer to the companion protocol ‘Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules’ for a detailed description of the materials, reagents, equipment and protocol necessary for the identification of membrane lipids targeted for membrane disruption by biomolecules (Jimah et al., 2017).
   

Recipes

1. Blocking buffer
   10 mM Tris pH 8.0
   150 mM NaCl
   0.1% Tween 20%
   3% BSA
   
2. Wash buffer
   10 mM Tris pH 8.0
   150 mM NaCl
   0.1% Tween 20%
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (to NHT) and National Institutes of Health (R56 AI080792 to NHT). This protocol was adapted from Jimah et al., 2016.

References

1. Jimah, J. R., Salinas, N. D., Sala-Rabanal, M., Jones, N. G., Sibley, L. D., Nichols, C. G., Schlesinger, P. H. and Tolia, N. H. (2016). Malaria parasite CelTOS targets the inner leaflet of cell membranes for pore-dependent disruption. Elife 5.
   
2. Jimah, R. J., Schlesinger, H. P. and Tolia, H. N. (2017). Liposome disruption assay to examine lytic properties of biomolecules. Bio Protoc 7(15): e2433.
   
3. Kariu, T., Ishino, T., Yano, K., Chinzei, Y. and Yuda, M. (2006). CelTOS, a novel malarial protein that mediates transmission to mosquito and vertebrate hosts. Mol Microbiol 59(5): 1369-1379.
   
4. Lukoyanova, N., Hoogenboom, B. W. and Saibil, H. R. (2016). The membrane attack complex, perforin and cholesterol-dependent cytolysin superfamily of pore-forming proteins. J Cell Sci 129(11): 2125-2133.