Heavy Metal Stress Assay of Caenorhabditis elegans

Materials and Reagents

1. Latex glove (KCWW, Kimberly-Clark, catalog number: 57330 )
   
2. Petri dishes 60 x 15 mm (Iwaki, catalog number: 1010-060 )
   
3. 1.5 ml plastic tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3810X )
   
4. 1 ml pipetman tips (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 111-N-Q )
   
5. 0.2 ml pipetman tips (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 110-N-Q )
   
6. Slide glass (Matsunami Glass, catalog number: S2227 )
   
7. Paper tape
   
8. Cover glass (Matsunami Glass, 18 x 18, Thickness No.1)
   
9. Corning 50 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, catalog number: 4558 )
   
10. Petri dishes 35 x 15 mm (Iwaki, catalog number: 1000-035 )
    
11. Pasteur pipet, 5 inch (Iwaki, catalog number: IK-PAS-5P )
    
12. Parafilm (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 535-02443 )
    
13. Autoclave tape
    
14. pH probe (As One, catalog number: 2-347-05 )
    
15. 10 ml glass tubes (Iwaki, catalog number: 09183982 )
    
16. 99.98% Platinum Wire, ø0.2 mm (Nilaco, catalog number: 351325 )
    
17. OP50 E. coli bacteria (University of Minnesota, C. elegans Genetics Center, N/A)
    
18. Worm strains (can be obtained from CGC: see Table 1 for example)
    
19. Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 031-00435 )
    
20. Potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 164-04295 )
    
21. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 169-04245 )
    
22. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄·7H₂O) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 138-00415 )
    
23. Bacto peptone (BD, Bacto^TM, catalog number: 211677 )
    
24. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 191-01665 )
    
25. Bacto agar (BD, Bacto^TM, catalog number: 214010 )
    
26. Distilled water
    
27. Cholesterol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 034-03002 )
    
28. 99.5% ethanol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 057-00456 )
    
29. LB broth (BD, Difco, catalog number: 244620 )
    
30. Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 194-02875 )
    
31. Pentahydrate copper sulphate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 034-20065 )
    
32. Cadmium chloride, anhydrous (CdCl₂) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 036-00125 )
    
33. Sodium (mate)arsenite (NaAsO₂) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7400 )
    
34. Gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7765 )
    
35. Agarose (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 16500500 )
    
36. Tris base (Nacalai Tesque, catalog number: 35434-05 )
    
37. Hydrochloric acid (HCl; 35-37%) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 080-01066 )
    
38. SDS (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 191-07145 )
    
39. Glycerol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 075-00616 )
    
40. Bromophenol blue (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 021-02911 )
    
41. 2-mercaptoethanol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 135-07522 )
    
42. Sodium azide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, catalog number: 195-11092 )
    
43. 1 M CaCl₂ (see Recipes)
    
44. 1 M K-phosphate buffer (pH 6) (see Recipes)
    
45. 1 M MgSO₄ (see Recipes)
    
46. NGM solution (see Recipes)
    
47. 6 cm NGM dish with OP50 (see Recipes)
    
48. 0.5% cholesterol (see Recipes)
    
49. LB broth (see Recipes)
    
50. M9 buffer (see Recipes)
    
51. 1 M sodium azide (see Recipes)
    
52. 1 M CuSO₄ (see Recipes)
    
53. 1 M CdCl₂ (see Recipes)
    
54. 0.5 M sodium arsenite (see Recipes)
    
55. 2% gelatin (see Recipes)
    
56. 2% agarose (see Recipes)
    
57. 2% agarose with 10 mM sodium azide (see Recipes)
    
58. Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) (see Recipes)
    
59. 1 M 3x SDS sample buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Stereomicroscope (Olympus, model: SZ60 )
   
2. Centrifuge (TOMY, model: MX-100 )
   
3. Rotator (TAITEC, model: RT-50 , catalog number: 0000165-000)
   
4. Fluorescent microscope (Nikon Instruments, model: Eclipse E800 ) with highly sensitive camera (ANDOR, model: Zyla 5.5 ) controlled by Nikon NIS-Elements software
   
5. Pipetman (P-20, P-200, P-1000; Gilson)
   
6. Heat block (TAITEC, model: DTU-Mini , catalog number: 0063287-000)
   
7. Autoclave (TOMY DIGITAL BIOLOGY, model: SX-500 )
   
8. Microwave oven (Sharp)
   
9. Pipettor (Drummond Scientific, model: Pipet-Aid^® XP , catalog number: 4-000-101)
   
10. Shaker (TAITEC, model: Personal-11 , catalog number: 0000145-000)
    
11. Refrigerated incubator (Panasonic Healthcare, model: MIR-154-PJ )
    
12. Bunsen burner (Warzef)
    
13. Dental burner (Phoenix-Dent, model: APT-3 )
    

Software

1. ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html)
   
2. GraphPad Prism QuickCalcs (https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/)
   

Procedure

1. Acute reporter assay in liquid
   The acute assay in liquid is used for the determination of the expression of reporter genes induced by short exposure to heavy metals. It can also be used for the preparation of protein extracts of treated worms. For the determination of reporter expression, we recommend using worm strains carrying an appropriate GFP reporter, such as gcs-1p::gfp. Some worm strains carrying a GFP reporter are available from Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) (Table 1).
   
   Table 1. CGC strains available for the GFP reporter assay
   

   Strain in CGC	Genotype	Organ to determine	For assay
   LD1171	ldIs3 [gcs-1p::gfp + rol-6(su1006)]	Intestine	As(III) etc. (Wang et al., 2010)
   JF85	mtEx60 [numr-1p::gfp + rol-6(su1006)]	Intestine	Cd(II) (Tvermoes et al., 2010)
   JF85	mtEx60 [numr-1p::gfp + rol-6(su1006)]	Pharynx	Cu(II) (Tvermoes et al., 2010)

   
   
   1. Prepare worms grown on 6 cm NGM dishes with OP50. Although the mixed stage of worms is acceptable, a specific stage of worms (except embryos) can be used if you desire. Avoid starving the worms.
      
   2. Adding the proper amount of heavy metal solution to M9 buffer (Notes 1 and 2). Dispense 0.5 ml of the solution to 1.5 ml tubes.
      
   3. Add 1 ml of M9 buffer (without heavy metals) to the NGM dishes, in which worms are grown, and gently shake it.
      
   4. Transfer the M9 buffer containing worms from NGM dishes to 1.5 ml plastic tubes, using gelatin-coated 1 ml pipetman tips (Note 3). Although the concentration of worms depends on the culture conditions, we usually use approximately 1,000 worms per ml. The worm numbers can be estimated by transferring 10 μl of the solutions to a slide glass just after vortexing and counting the number of worms under a stereomicroscope.
      
   5. Centrifuge at 700 x g, 2 min, 20 °C. Discard the supernatant.
      
   6. Add 1 ml M9 buffer to the tube and centrifuge at 700 x g, 2 min. Discard all but a small aliquot (< 0.05 ml) of the supernatant.
      
   7. Transfer the appropriate amount of worms to 1.5 ml plastic tubes filled with 500 μl of heavy metal-containing M9 buffer. Do not exceed 20 μl of worm volume in each tube.
      
   8. Rotate (2 sec/rotation to keep an aerobic condition) at 20 °C (or room temperature) by rotator, from 30 min to a few hours.
      
   9. While waiting, make an agar pad for the end of incubation with heavy metals (Video 1). First, add a double-layered paper tape on the surface of two slide glasses. Place a clean slide glass side by side between the two taped slide glasses (Figure 1A). Put 100 μl of 2% agarose solution with 10 mM sodium azide in the middle of the clean glass (Figure 1B), then immediately put another clean slide glass on the agarose perpendicular to the bottom slide glass (Figure 1C). After 1 min, carefully remove the two taped slide glasses (Figure 1D), and then remove the top slide glass (Figure 1E). Avoid drying until ready to use.
      
      
      
      Video 1. Making an agar pad
      
      
      Figure 1. Preparation of agar pad
      
      
   10. Centrifuge at 700 x g, 2 min. Discard the supernatant and retain the remaining ~50 μl of M9 with worms.
       
   11. Transfer the worms from the 1.5 ml tube to an NGM agar dish (without heavy metals) by using a gelatin-coated pipetman tip.
       
   12. Put 2 μl of M9 on the agarose pad. Pick the worms from the NGM dish, transfer them to the agarose pad, and seal with a cover glass. Immediately use a fluorescent microscope to determine the fluorescence intensity of the reporter gene.
       
       
2. Acute reporter assay on dish
   This assay is suitable for a small number of worms (20-100 worms) in a desired developmental stage, except embryo.
   
   1. Prepare NGM solution (see Recipes) for dishes.
      
   2. Add the appropriate amount of heavy metal stock solutions into 50 ml Corning tubes (see Note 2). Add 50 ml of NGM solution at 60 °C into each tube and shake them to mix. Incubate at 60 °C until bubbles disappear.
      
   3. Pour into 3.5 cm dishes. Pour also the remaining NGM solution into 3.5 cm dishes (use as a control). Leave overnight at room temperature.
      
   4. Make an overnight culture of OP50 with LB broth. Add 20 μl of the OP50 solution to the 3.5 cm dishes. Leave overnight at room temperature.
      
   5. Transfer the plates into closed boxes or wrap them with polystyrene bags and store at 4 °C until use.
      
   6. Just before use, incubate the dishes at 20 °C for 1 h (Note 4).
      
   7. Put > 20 young adults (grown 1-3 days from late L4 stage) in a 3.5 cm NGM dish containing heavy metal by using a worm pick made from a platinum wire attached to the tip of a Pasteur pipet (Note 5). As a control, use NGM dishes without heavy metals. Incubate for 30 min to several hours at 20 °C.
      
   8. While waiting, make agarose pads (see Procedure A: Acute reporter assay in liquid). Transfer the worms onto an agarose pad and determine the fluorescence intensity of the reporter gene using a fluorescent microscope.
      
      
3. Acute assay for immunoblotting
   When you want to prepare protein extracts for Immunoblotting, perform the following procedure (Note 6).
   Note: Steps C1 to C8 is the same as A1 to A8 in ‘Acute reporter assay in liquid’.
   
   9. Centrifuge tubes at 700 x g, 2 min. If the amount of worm pellet seems to exceed 25 μl at this step, divide the samples to additional empty tubes and re-centrifuge them.
      
   10. Add 1 ml M9 buffer and centrifuge at 700 x g, 2 min. Discard the supernatant and retain the remaining approximately 50 μl of M9 with worms. We estimate the approximate volume of the worm solution by comparing with a sample tube that contains 50 μl of water, and then confirm by sucking the solution with a pipetman adjusted to 50 μl with a gelatin-coated tip.
       
   11. Add 25 μl of 3x SDS sample buffer.
       
   12. Boil in water bath (or heat block) for 3 min. Centrifuge the samples at 15,000 x g for 3 min before loading. The samples can be used for immunoblotting of desired proteins, such as PMK-1 and phosphorylated PMK-1 (Inoue et al., 2005).
       
       
4. Growth assay
   Growth assay is used for the determination of the sensitivity to heavy metals. This assay can also be used for the survival assay.
   
   1. Follow the steps B1-B6 of the procedure in ‘Acute reporter assay on dish’.
      
   2. Transfer > 20 young adults to a 3.5 cm NGM dish without heavy metals. Incubate for several hours at 20 °C.
      
   3. Pick ~50 eggs from the NGM dishes and transfer them to an NGM assay plate containing heavy metal (see Video 2). E. coli grown on the normal NGM dish is used as glue to attach the eggs to the platinum wire (Note 7). As a control, transfer the same number of eggs to an NGM plate without heavy metals. Seal the side of each dish with Parafilm. Incubate at 20 °C.
      
   4. The next day, determine the number of hatched eggs by counting the unhatched eggs. Continue to incubate at 20 °C.
      
   5. The worms that developed into adulthood are counted 4 days after egg laying (Note 8).
      
      
      
      Video 2. Transfering eggs from a normal to a heavy metal-containing NGM plate

Data analysis

In Acute assays, take pictures by appropriate camera attached to the fluorescent microscope. Then the pictures can be used to quantify the intensity of GFP fluorescence with the ImageJ program. The frequency of growth into adulthood can be calculated by dividing the number of adult animals 4 days after egg laying by the number of eggs hatched on the day after egg laying. The difference between the heavy metal treatment and control data can be tested for statistical significance by Fisher’s or chi-square test using for example GraphPad QuickCalcs.

Notes

1. Some other researchers prefer to use a different medium (Dong et al., 2004). The difference does not seem to essentially affect the experiments.
   
2. The concentrations of heavy metals in the assays vary according to the purpose and the worm strains. The typical concentrations of heavy metals used for the assay are as follows (Table 2):
   
   Table 2. Typical concentrations of heavy metals for the assays
   

   	Acute assays	Growth assay
   As(III)	0.5-1 mM (Broeks et al., 1996; Inoue et al., 2005)	0.5-1 mM (Broeks et al., 1996; Inoue et al., 2005)
   Cd(II)	0.1 mM (Dong et al., 2004)	0.01-0.1 mM (Broeks et al., 1996; Mizuno et al., 2004; Tvermoes et al., 2010)
   Cu(II)	1 mM (Mizuno et al., 2004)	0.05-0.1 mM (Broeks et al., 1996; Mizuno et al., 2004; Tvermoes et al., 2010)

   
   For the initial start-up experiment, we recommend to determine the highest concentration of the heavy metal. We recommend to freshly prepare the assay solution before the assay. The NGM dishes with heavy metals can be stored for several days at 4 °C, avoid both light and drying. We also recommend wearing latex gloves when handling the heavy metal solutions and dishes.
   
3. Prepare a gelatin-coated pipetman tip to avoid the sticking the worms inside the tip. Use a pipetman to briefly fill a 1 ml pipette tip with 2% gelatin solution and then quickly empty it.
   
4. Avoid the use of wet dishes.
   
5. You can change the desired developmental stage of worms for the survival assay to something else than eggs. The viable worms are checked by prodding with a platinum wire.
   
6.  The protein extracts are typically used to determine the amount of protein or the phosphorylation level. Usually, at least 100 animals (in the case of the adult stage) are required for immunoblotting.
   
7. E. coli OP50 on a 6 cm NGM dish with OP50, which has stayed for several days at room temperature, is best for glue.
   
8. Some worms will stick the sidewall of the dish. Subtract the number of the stuck worms from the number of eggs placed on the assay dish in data analysis. 
   

Recipes

1. 1 M CaCl₂
   Dissolve 147.01 g CaCl₂ in dH₂O and adjust the volume to 1 L
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   Store at room temperature
   
2. 1 M K-phosphate buffer (pH 6)
   Dissolve 35.6 g K₂HPO₄ and 108.3 g KH₂PO₄ in dH₂O
   Adjust pH to 6.0 and the volume to 1 L
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   Store at room temperature
   
3. 1 M MgSO₄
   Dissolve 246.47 g MgSO₄·7H₂O (or 120.37 g anhydrous MgSO₄) in distilled water (dH₂O) and adjust the volume to 1 L
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   Store at room temperature
   
4. NGM solution
   0.75 g Bacto peptone
   0.9 g NaCl
   5.1 g Bacto agar
   0.3 ml cholesterol solution
   Add distilled water to 292 ml
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   After autoclaving, add 0.3 ml of 1 M CaCl₂, 0.3 ml of 1 M MgSO₄ and 7.5 ml of 1 M K-phosphate (pH 6). Keep it at 60 °C
   
5. 6 cm NGM dish with OP50
   Pour approximately 10 ml of NGM solution into each Petri dish (60 x 15 mm, Iwaki) and leave at room temperature from several hours to overnight
   Make an overnight culture of OP50 with LB broth
   Add 50 μl of the OP50 solution to each NGM dish
   Leave overnight at room temperature
   
6. 0.5% cholesterol
   Dissolve 1 g of cholesterol in 200 ml of 100% ethanol
   Do not autoclave
   Store at room temperature
   
7. LB broth
   Dissolve 12.5 g LB broth in 500 ml of dH₂O
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   Store at room temperature
   
8. M9 buffer
   Dissolve 3 g KH₂PO₄, 6 g Na₂HPO₄, 5 g NaCl in dH₂O and adjust the volume to 1 L
   Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
   After cooling, add 1 ml of 1 M MgSO₄
   
9. 1 M sodium azide
   Dissolve 65 mg of sodium azide in 1 ml dH₂O
   
10. 1 M CuSO₄
    Dissolve 25 g CuSO₄·5H₂O in dH₂O and adjust the volume to 100 ml
    Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
    Store at room temperature
    
11. 1 M CdCl₂
    Dissolve 18.3 g CdCl₂ in dH₂O and adjust the volume to 100 ml
    Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
    Store at room temperature
    
12. 0.5 M sodium arsenite
    Dissolve 0.65 g NaAsO₂ in dH₂O and adjust the volume to 10 ml
    Store at -20 °C
    
13. 2% gelatin
    Dissolve 2 g gelatin in 100 ml of dH₂O
    Autoclave at 120 °C, 20 min
    Store at room temperature
    
14. 2% agarose
    Add 2 g agarose (UltraPure agarose, Invitrogen) to 100 ml of dH₂O
    Dissolve by heating using a microwave oven
    Incubate at 60 °C until ready to use
    Stable for several days at 60 °C
    Keep at room temperature for longer storage (heating is required just prior to use)
    
15. 2% agarose with 10 mM sodium azide
    Add 1 ml of melted 2% agarose into a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube
    Immediately place it in a heat block and keep it at 60 °C
    Then add 10 μl of 1 M sodium azide and vortex it. Use it immediately
    
16. 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8)
    18.17 g Tris base
    700 ml H₂O
    Approx.120 ml HCl
    Adjust pH by adding HCl
    Check the pH by a pH probe
    Add distilled H₂O to adjust to 1 L
    
17. 3x SDS sample buffer
    3.75 ml of 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8)
    0.6 g SDS
    3 ml glycerol
    1.5 mg bromophenol blue
    Add distilled water to 8.5 ml
    Store at room temperature, avoid light
    Add 0.15 ml of 2-mercaptoethanol to 0.85 ml of the buffer just prior to use
    

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of Japan. Many other researchers have utilized similar protocols to test sensitivity to heavy metals. The protocols are based on the way that we measure heavy metal sensitivity in our lab. This protocol is essentially adopted previous works (Mizuno et al., 2004; Inoue et al., 2005).

References

1. Broeks, A., Gerrard, B., Allikmets, R., Dean, M. and Plasterk, R. H. (1996). Homologues of the human multidrug resistance genes MRP and MDR contribute to heavy metal resistance in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 15(22): 6132-6143.
   
2. Dong, J., Song, M. O. and Freedman, J. H. (2004). Identification and characterization of a family of Caenorhabditis elegans genes that is homologous to the cadmium-responsive gene cdr-1. Biochim Biophy Acta 1727: 16-26.
   
3. Green, M. R. and Sambrook, J. (2012). Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (4^th edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
   
4. Inoue, H., Hisamoto, N., An, J. H., Oliveira, R. P., Nishida, E., Blackwell, T. K. and Matsumoto, K. (2005). The C. elegans p38 MAPK pathway regulates nuclear localization of the transcription factor SKN-1 in oxidative stress response. Genes Dev 19(19): 2278-2283.
   
5. Mizuno, T., Hisamoto, N., Terada, T., Kondo, T., Adachi, M., Nishida, E., Kim, D. H., Ausubel, F. M. and Matsumoto, K. (2004). The Caenorhabditis elegans MAPK phosphatase VHP-1 mediates a novel JNK-like signaling pathway in stress response. EMBO J 23(11): 2226-2234.
   
6. Schwartz, M. S., Benci, J. L., Selote, D. S., Sharma, A. K., Chen, A. G., Dang, H., Fares, H. and Vatamaniuk, O. K. (2010). Detoxification of multiple heavy metals by a half-molecule ABC transporter, HMT-1, and coelomocytes of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 5(3): e9564.
   
7. Tvermoes, B. E., Boyd, W. A. and Freedman, J. H. (2010). Molecular characterization of numr-1 and numr-2: genes that increase both resistance to metal-induced stress and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Sci 123(Pt 12): 2124-2134.
   
8. Wang, J., Robida-Stubbs, S., Tullet, J. M., Rual, J. F., Vidal, M. and Blackwell, T. K. (2010). RNAi screening implicates a SKN-1-dependent transcriptional response in stress resistance and longevity deriving from translation inhibition. PLoS Genet 6(8).
   
9. Valko, M., Morris, H. and Cronin, M. T. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 12(10): 1161-1208.