Automatic Quantification of the Number of Intracellular Compartments in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Cells

Equipment

1. Microscope: Plant imaging was performed on an inverted Zeiss microscope (Zeiss, model: AxioObserver Z1 ) equipped with a spinning disk module (Yokogawa, model: CSU-W1-T3 )
   
2. Camera: ProEM+ 1024B camera (Princeton Instrument, model: ProEM+ 1024B)
   
3. Objective: 63x Plan-Apochromat objective (numerical aperture 1.4, oil immersion).
   

Note: Images may be performed with any confocal microscope. We describe above the microscope setup used to take the sample images that can be downloaded bellow (see Software 7).

Software

1. ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) (Schneider et al., 2012) (see Note 1)
   Note: If link does not open, copy-paste the address in your browser.
   
2. SiCE spot detector Macro for ImageJ
   Note: Download SiCE spot detector Macro for ImageJ. Go to http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RDP/SiCE/METHODS.html, right click on SiCE ‘SpotDetector.ijm’ and choose ‘save link as’. Use the following name to save the file: ‘SiCE SpotDetectorV3.ijm’.
   
3. Wavelet A Trou plugin for ImageJ (http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RDP/SiCE/METHODS_files/Wavelet_A_Trou.jar)
   Note: If link does not open, copy-paste the address in your browser.
   
4. FeatureJ plugin for ImageJ (http://www.imagescience.org/meijering/software/featurej/)
   Note: If link does not open, copy-paste the address in your browser.
   
5. XLstat (Addinsoft, https://www.xlstat.com).
   
6. R (The R foundation, https://www.r-project.org/), Excel (Microsoft, https://products.office.com/).
   
7. (Optional) Download template images (http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RDP/SiCE/METHODS) (see Note 2).

Procedure

1. Images acquisition
   The macro described below can work with any type of confocal images whether taken with a laser scanning confocal microscope or with a spinning disk confocal microscope. You should therefore define acquisition parameter according to your microscope set-up. Note that for quantitative imaging, pictures should be taken with detector settings optimized for low background and no pixel saturation (Simon et al., 2016). For comparison purposes, we recommend using similar confocal settings for all images. Exposure time must be defined by taking into account compartments movement during acquisition. Too long exposure might lead to abnormal shape or multiple count of the same intracellular particles.
   As an example, using the spinning disk microscope described in the equipment section above, we typically use the following settings: image acquisition time 200 msec, laser power 30%, EM gain 100 and image size 1024 x 1024 pixels.
   Note: The settings used might vary greatly depending on the microscope set-up and the strength of the marker line.
   
   
2. Plugin installation (Video 1)
   
   1. Copy Wavelet_A_Trou file and FeatureJ plugins in ImageJ/plugins folder.
      
   2. Copy SiCE Spot DetectorV3.ijm file in ImageJ/macros folder.
      
   3. Install the SiCE spot detector macro by selecting it in Plugins > Macros > Install. SiCE SpotDetectorV3 should appear in the Plugins > Macros > lower panel.
      
      
      Video 1. Procedure to install the Sice Spotdetector Macro and related Plugins
      
      
      
3. Setting up parameters for single image analysis
   The purpose of single image analysis (Procedure C) is to find the best parameters possible to segment your image correctly (i.e., best parameters to find all [or most] of the compartments in the image with as little false positive as possible) and then use these parameters in batch mode (Procedure D). Every marker lines have different signal strength, particle size and signal-to-noise ratio. It is impossible to predict which will be the best parameters to use for a specific marker line. Therefore, these parameters have to be determined empirically for each marker lines. The procedure in C allows testing a range of parameters to confront the segmentation results with your input image (step C10). Mostly, the use of these parameters are empirical and we advise you to explore different ones in order to find the best setting for your image (below, we provide some numbers that we find often work well for counting endosome numbers in Arabidopsis root). However some of these parameters are directly dependent on the type of particles you want to analyze, notably the size and circularity. Particle size can be estimated using the optional step C3, but you can also try different size parameters empirically as well and by-pass step C3.
   
   1. Open a confocal image with ImageJ (or Fiji) software in which you want to quantify the number of intracellular compartments or template pictures (see Note 2). It is possible to use a projected 3D-stack. However, we do not recommend using projections that might yield artifacts and/or mask the presence of some particles and we recommend instead quantifying all the images in the Z-stack using the batch mode (see Procedure D).
      
   2. If you want to use scaled images, ‘Set Scale’ in the ‘Analyze Tab’ according to your microscope set-up, otherwise proceeds directly to step C3.
      
   3. Estimate particle size with ImageJ (Optional STEP, Video 2). Use straight-line tool to draw a line through several compartments. Then, use the plot profile tool (Analyze > Plot profile) and measure the size of the structures within the profile by using again the straight-line tool. Measure several compartments small and big ones approximately at the base of the peaks (Figure 1). It will help you to determine maximum size, minimum size and sigma parameters, which will be useful for detection step (see below step C8). As an example, see Figure 2, which shows the typical size of various compartments obtained with the microscope set-up described above (see Equipment section). 
      
      
      Figure 1. Snapshot from FIJI program showing manual measurement of individual spot-like structures using plot-profile and straight-line tools (step C3). A. FIJI main toolbar; B. Test image window; C. Enlargement of the dashed-square in (B), showing the red line that is drawn across several compartments using the straight-line tool of ImageJ. D. Fluorescence plot along the red line. Compartments are identified as peaks and are measured by drawing lines at their base. E. Peak width measurements.
      
      
      Video 2. Procedure to estimate the size of the compartments of interest
      
      
      
      Figure 2. Snapshot from ImageJ program showing the size of different intracellular compartments as captured by spinning disk microscopy. A. FIJI main toolbar; B. Golgi apparatus, marker line is Wave18 (W18) (Geldner et al., 2009). C. Post-Golgi endosomal compartments, marker line is Wave25 (W25) (Geldner et al., 2009). D. Late endosomal compartments, marker line is Wave7 (W7) (Geldner et al., 2009). E. Wortmannin compartments. Late endosomes (W7) fuse into the so-called ‘Wortmannin compartment’ following treatment with the PI3Kinase/PI4Kinase inhibitor Wortmannin (Wm, 30 µM for 60 min) (Jaillais et al., 2006; Simon et al., 2014; Simon et al., 2016). F. BFA compartments. Endosomes labeled by the endocytic tracer FM4-64 aggregates into the so-called ‘BFA compartment’ following treatment with the fungal toxin BrefeldinA (BFA, 50 µM for 60 min) (Geldner et al., 2003; Geldner et al., 2009). G. Summary table of peak width measurements for the marker shown in A to F.
      
      
   4. Launch SICE-Spot Detector Macro from Plugins > Macro > SpotDetectorMacroV3 (Video 3).
      
      
      Video 3. Procedure to find the best parameters to segment intracellular particles with the SiCE spot detector macro
      
      
      
   5. Uncheck Batch mode to start single image analysis.
      
   6. Select if you want to use scaled images or un-scaled images, by checking/unchecking the ‘scaled image’ box. Scaled image will provide results expressed in number of spots/µm², while un-scalded images will provide result expressed in number of spot/pixel²
      
   7. Uncheck Automatic ROI if you want to manually draw region of interest (Note 3).
      
   8. Select parameters (Figure 2)
      First three parameters directly arise from step C3. Min Particle Size, Max Particle Size and Circularity will be used in the Built-in Macro Function Analyse Particles (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146-30.html). Particles with size outside the range defined are ignored. Values are expressed either in square µm or square pixels. Circularity depends on the shape of the compartments and range from 0 (infinitely elongated polygon) to 1 (perfect circle). Classically, intracellular compartments in Arabidopsis roots, such as endosomes, can be detected using 0.5-5 µm² and 0.5-1 circularity (but other parameters may be used to quantify more elongated particles, or bigger particles such as BFA compartments).
      1. In confocal images Intracellular compartments of interest will appear as more or less round shaped objects with higher fluorescent signal in the center. Image convolution by a Gaussian kernel is generally sufficient for segmenting them. Sigma parameter corresponds to standard deviation of the distribution used in the Gaussian filtering method (Lowe, 2004). Adjusting Sigma will depend on the background within cells and your object size and has to be determined empirically.
         
      2. The Gaussian filtering that will be applied to your image can be chosen from Difference of Gaussian ‘DoG’ or Laplacian of Gaussian. Classically, Laplacian of Gaussian filtering gives the sharpest boundaries of the objects allowing size measurement, while DoG filtering will be more efficient in findings structures of different sizes or in a higher background.
         
      3. Auto-threshold corresponds to the method/algorithm that will be applied to your filtered image (Triangle, Otsu and Huang) (see more details about this step at the following address http://imagej.net/Auto_Threshold). Again, you need to try these different methods to find the best one empirically.
         
         
         Figure 3. Snapshot from ImageJ program showing selection of parameters step. A. FIJI main toolbar; B. Test image window; C. Select Parameters selection windows of the SICE spot detector.
         
         
   9. Once you have chosen all your parameters, click ‘OK’ to proceed with the analysis.
   1. If you chose manual mode type OK and define a Region of Interest (ROI). Compartments within the defined area will be segmented according to the parameters, methods and modes chosen previously in step C8.
      
   2. If you chose automatic ROI (step C7), the macro will automatically define the portion of the image that corresponds to the root tissue with the highest signal (see red line in Figure 4) (see Note 3) and will discard the rest of the image for subsequent analyses.
      
   10. A merge image between segmented compartments boundaries and original fluorescent image will be displayed to evaluate the efficiency of the process (Figure 4); i.e., it will help you to evaluate if the parameters you used are the best to find the intracellular compartments of interest. ROI will be displayed on the original image as a red surrounded region. By clicking ‘OK’ you can return to step C8 to modify parameters and make new analyses.
       
   1. In manual ROI selection mode, you will be able to test a new set of parameters on the same manually defined ROI (ROI defined previously in step C9a). You will also have the option to define a new ROI.
      
   2. Automatic ROI allows you to switch from automatic to manual ROI selection of vice-versa.
      
   11. Reiterate steps C6-C10 until you find the best parameters to segment intracellular compartments in your image and then proceed to step C12.
       
   12. Uncheck the ‘unhappy’ box to display a ‘Summary’ table with ‘Picture name’, ‘Cell Area’, ‘Spot number’ and parameters used. Once you determined optimum parameters for your data set, you can relaunch the macro for batch mode analysis (see Procedure D).
       
       
       Figure 4. Snapshot from ImageJ program showing the results for single image analysis. A. FIJI main toolbar; B. Test image window. Region of Interest is represented as a red line. C. Result of spot detection using the following parameters: MinSize 0.5 MaxSize 99 circMin 0.5 circMax 1 Sigma 3 Filtering Method Difference of Gaussian Threshold Triangle; D. Result of spot detection using the following parameters:  MinSize 1 MaxSize 99 circMin 0.5 circMax 1 Sigma 3 Filtering Method Difference of Gaussian Threshold Triangle; D. ‘Result summary’ table showing the quantification of the number of spot in the different condition tested, using the parameters defined as in C for line 1 and as in D for line 2. 
       
       
4. Batch images analysis
   
   1. Launch SICE-Spot Detector Macro from Plugins > Macro > SpotDetectorMacroV3.
      
   2. Choose Source directory.
      
   3. Choose Destination directory where the merged images will be saved (see step C10) (this files allow you to check that segmentation was correctly performed in all images).
      
   4. Select the previously optimized parameters that will be used for analyzing your images.
      
   5. Macro will perform Spot detection on all images contained in the Source directory and collect results in the Summary table. This table can be directly saved as an Excel file or copied and pasted in a pre-existing table.
      

Data analysis

When manually counting the number of spots per cells, 100 cells are typically counted on 10 to 20 different roots (Simon et al., 2016). We suggest keeping a similar number of independent roots (10 to 20) when using automatic spot detection, which will ultimately represent around 500 to 1,000 cells. However, because variability may vary according to the type of spots and markers used, we advise to first estimate sample size. For this purpose, quantify the number of spots on a small numbers of samples and estimate sample size using the following formula:
n = (t x t) x (s x s)/(d x d)
Where,
s is standard error of the mean,
t is the statistical confidence level (1.96 as deduced from the standard normal distribution for a confidence interval of 95%),
d is the margin of error (0.05).
Biological triplicates are suggested. For statistical analyses, choose parametric or non-parametric test depending on sample distribution (Gaussian distribution or not, respectively). Parametric test such as Tukey’s honestly significant difference test or non parametric test such as Kruskal-wallis test or Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner procedure for multiple comparison between samples can be performed with XLstat software (http://www.xlstat.com/) or R software (https://www.r-project.org/), in order to find if means are significantly different from each other. Graphic representation can be done using either R software or excel software (Microsoft, https://products.office.com/).

Notes

1. The SiCE SpotDetector macro works with the current distribution of ImageJ (as of November 2016). The only required plugins are Wavelet_A_Trou and FeatureJ. If you have an older version of ImageJ and encounter problems with the macro, re-install the newest version of ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).
   
2. To test the macro, you can download sample images (http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RDP/SiCE/METHODS) (set scale at distance in pixels: 4.8473, known distance: 1, pixel aspect ratio 1.0, Unit of length: µm).
   
3. This method will automatically detect the root in your picture using wavelet-based image segmentation. It will either select the entire root in the image, or the part of the root that has the highest signal. The macro selects only one continuous area per image. This will allow the macro to quantify compartments only in the area with highest signal in the case of uneven labeling along the root. If you want to quantify several areas in the same root with significant difference in labeling intensity, crop your pictures according to these different areas or use the normal mode and manually define ROI.
   

Acknowledgments

We thank Laia Armengot (RDP, ENS Lyon) for critical comments on the manuscript, Erik Meijering (Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) for developing FeatureJ. Y.J. is funded by ERC No. 3363360-APPL under FP/2007-2013.

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