Materials and Reagents

Cells and plasmid
1. TRF2-HEK293T cells: 293T cells (ATCC, catalog number: CRL-3216 ) that have been stably transfected with TRF2 expressing vector
2. Control-HEK-293T cells: 293T cells (ATCC, catalog number: CRL-3216) that have been stably transfected with empty control vector
3. Myc-REST4 expressing vector: generated by modifying the Myc-REST plasmid (Huang et al., 2011) as detailed in Ovando-Roche et al. (2014)
4. HA-ubiquitin expressing vector: (Addgene, catalog number: 17608 )
Antibodies
1. Anti-TRF2 antibody (EMD Millipore, catalog number: 05-521 )
2. Anti-HA antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H6908 )
3. Anti β-Actin antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A5441 )
4. C-Myc antibody (Santa Cruz, catalog number: SC-40 )
5. Goat anti-mouse light chain specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, catalog number: 115-035-174 )
6. Mouse anti-rabbit light chain specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, catalog number: 211-032-171 )
7. Normal mouse IgG (Santa Cruz, catalog number: SC-2025 )
Reagents
1. Dulbeccos modified eagles medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D5671 )
2. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: F7524 )
3. Calcium phosphate transfection kit (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: CAPHOS )
4. 2-Mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M6250 )
5. Bromophenol blue (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 161-0404 )
6. CaCl₂ (VWR International, catalog number: 22317.297 )
7. Dynabeads protein G (Life Technologies, catalog number: 10003D )
8. EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: ED-1KG )
9. EGTA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E4378 )
10. Glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G5516 )
11. HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H3375 )
12. KCl (VWR International, catalog number: JT3040-1 )
13. MG132 (Calbiochem, catalog number: 474791 )
14. MgCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 63063 )
15. NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: s-3014 )
16. NaOH (VWR International, catalog number: 28244.263 )
17. Nonidet P40 (VWR International, catalog number: E109-100ML )
18. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 93482 )
19. Protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P8340 )
20. SDS (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 71725 )
21. Tris-HCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T3253 )
22. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T8787 )
23. Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9416 )
24. Ubiquitin aldehyde (Boston Biochem, catalog number: U-201 )
Buffers
1. Antibody binding buffer (see Recipes)
2. HEPES lysis buffer (see Recipes)
3. 2x electrophoresis sample buffer (see Recipes)

Equipment

100 mm cell culture dish (Corning, catalog number: 430167 )
Cell scraper (Corning, catalog number: 3010 )
1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes (StarLab, catalog number: S1615-5500 )
BD Microlance 3 21G needle (BD, catalog number: 301156 )
37 °C, 5% CO₂ forced-air incubator (Binder, model: C150 )
Microcentrifuge (Hettich, model: 200R )
Thermomixer compact (Eppendorf, model: 5350 )
Rotator (Stuart, model: SB3 )
Dynamag 2 magnet (Life Technologies, catalog number: 12321D )

Procedure

Culture TRF2-HEK293T and control cells in 100 mm dishes with a standard medium (DMEM containing 10% FBS). Upon reaching 60-70% confluency, co-transfect the cells with plasmids Myc-REST4/HA-Ubiquitin using Calcium phosphate transfection kit following manufacturer’s instruction.
48 h after the transfection, treat the cells with 20 µM MG132 (protect from light) in the standard medium and incubate for 5 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
Remove medium and wash cells with PBS, then lyse cells in a 100 mm dish with 600 µl of chilled HEPES lysis buffer (incubate on ice/4 °C for 4 min before scraping to increase protein yield).
Collect cell lysate in an Eppendorf tube and pass lysate through 21G needle ~25 times to aid lysis and shred DNA.
Add ubiquitin aldehyde to the lysate to a final concentration of 1 µM and mix sample on a rotator at 20 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C.
Centrifuge the sample at 12,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C to pellet cell debris and transfer the supernatant to a new tube.
Pre-clear samples with 50 µl of protein G Dynabeads for 1 h at 4 °C with a rotator at 20 rpm to remove proteins that non-specifically stick to beads.
Bind antibodies to beads for immunoprecipitation (IP):
1. Vortex Dynabeads stock for >30 sec to re-suspend beads.
2. Dispense 50 µl of beads per IP reaction.
3. Place on magnet to separate beads from solution, aspirate out solution.
4. Dilute 3 µg Myc antibody in 500 µl of binding buffer and do the same for normal mouse IgG control.
  Note: Since Myc antibody was raised from mouse, normal mouse IgG is used as negative control.
5. Bind antibodies to the beads by incubating 30 min at room temperature and 30 min at 4 °C with shaking.
Quantify the pre-cleared sample for protein concentration and prepare 1 mg protein per IP and 20 µg protein per input.
After antibody-beads binding, place tube containing beads onto magnet and remove binding solution. Wash beads once with binding solution to remove any excess antibody.
Transfer 1 mg of pre-cleared proteins into the beads that have been linked to Myc antibody or normal mouse IgG. Mix samples and incubate for 2 h at 4 °C with rotation at 20 rpm to perform IP.
Following formation of the beads-antibody-antigen complex, place samples back onto magnet to remove the supernatant.
Re-suspend beads in 400 µl lysis buffer and place back onto magnet, remove supernatant as before.
Repeat step 13 two more times to wash beads of any unspecific binding.
After final wash re-suspend beads-antibody-antigen complex in 100 µl lysis buffer and transfer to a clean tube.
Place the samples in magnet and remove the supernatant. Re-suspend complex pellet in 40 µl 2x electrophoresis buffer, vortex harshly and pulse spin in microcentrifuge to collect all the solution to the bottom of the tube.
Heat the above sample at 70 °C for 10 min with shaking in a thermomixer.
Place the sample back onto magnet for a final time and transfer supernatant to a new tube (IP tube).
Boil the IP samples and Input samples (20 µg of lysate directly from step 9 for each sample) at 95 °C for 5 min.
Analyze the samples via Western blotting.
1. Specificity and quality of IP: In order to verify the function of TRF2 on REST4 ubiquitination, it is necessary to ensure that similar amount of Myc-REST4 proteins are precipitated between TRF2 expressing and control cells and that this precipitation is specific. Therefore, IP samples are tested with anti-c-Myc (1:1,000) antibody as shown in Figure 1.
2. Effect of TRF2 on REST4 ubiquitination: IP samples are also tested for ubiquitin binding with anti-HA (1:1,000 dilution) antibody as ubiquitin is tagged with HA epitope.
3. To ensure the correct protein expression and loading, all cell lysates without immunoprecipitation (input samples) are tested with anti-c-Myc (1:1,000), anti-TRF2 (1:500) and anti-β-actin (1:5,000) antibodies.

Representative data

Here is a representative result showing that ubiquitination of REST4 is clearly detected in the cells that were co-transfected with Myc-REST4 and HA-tagged ubiquitin (HA-Ub) and that expression of TRF2 reduces the ubiquitination of REST4 in these cells. The results suggest that TRF2 stabilizes REST4 expression by inhibition of its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation (Ovando-Roche et al., 2014).

Figure 1. TRF2 inhibits human REST4 ubiquitination. Control and TRF2 stably overexpressing HEK293T cells were co-transfected with Myc-REST4 and HA-ubiquitin (HA-Ub) expression vectors. Myc immunoprecipitates (IP) or whole cell lysates (input) were immunobloted with the indicated antibodies. Immunoblot is representative of two independent experiments.

Recipes

Antibody binding buffer
PBS + 0.01% Tween 20 (1 µl Tween 20 to 10 ml PBS)
HEPES lysis buffer
20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4)
10 mM KCl
100 mM NaCl₂
1 mM MgCl₂
1 mM EDTA
0.1 mM EGTA
0.5 mM CaCl₂
Before use add following reagents to the indicated final concentrations: 1x protease inhibitor cocktail, 0.2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 0.1% Triton X-100 and 0.5% Nonidet P40
2x electrophoresis sample buffer
2.5 ml of 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8)
2 ml of glycerol
4 ml of 10% SDS (w/v)
0.94 ml dH₂O
0.16 ml 1.25 % bromophenol blue
Total volume: 9.5 ml
To prepare 1 ml, add 50 µl of -mercaptoethanol to 950 µl 2x sample buffer

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Shideng Bao from Lerner Research Institute for the REST plasmid. The work was supported by the funding of BBSRC, MRC (G0802537) and Genesis Research Trust. This work is adapted from the work previously published (Ovando-Roche et al., 2014).

References

Bhattacharyya, S., Yu, H., Mim, C. and Matouschek, A. (2014). Regulated protein turnover: snapshots of the proteasome in action. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15(2): 122-133.
Huang, Z., Wu, Q., Guryanova, O. A., Cheng, L., Shou, W., Rich, J. N. and Bao, S. (2011). Deubiquitylase HAUSP stabilizes REST and promotes maintenance of neural progenitor cells. Nat Cell Biol. 13:142-152.
Ovando-Roche, P., Yu, J. S., Testori, S., Ho, C. and Cui, W. (2014). TRF2-mediated stabilization of hREST4 is critical for the differentiation and maintenance of neural progenitors. Stem Cells 32(8): 2111-2122.
Ristic, G., Tsou, W. L. and Todi, S. V. (2014). An optimal ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the nervous system: the role of deubiquitinating enzymes. Front Mol Neurosci 7: 72.
Weissman, A. M., Shabek, N. and Ciechanover, A. (2011). The predator becomes the prey: regulating the ubiquitin system by ubiquitylation and degradation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12(9): 605-620.