Materials and Reagents

HEK 293T cells
HeLa cells
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Mediatech, Cellgro^®, catalog number: 10-013-CV )
R9-ΔE plasmid ((Zhou and Aiken, 2001), an HIV-1 proviral DNA clone created by introducing a frameshift mutation in envelope of the wild-type infectious R9 clone. Virions produced by this clone are non-infectious but can be made infectious by pseudotyping with envelopes from VSV or other viruses)
pHCMV-G (VSV-G) plasmid ((Yee et al., 1994), a retrovirus-derived plasmid in which the retroviral envelope glycoprotein is replaced with glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV]).
p24 ELISA kit (in-house)
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Mediatech, Cellgro^®, catalog number: 21-0310-CV )
VSV-G-pseudotyped envelope-defective HIV-1 (R9-ΔE) virus particles
Efavirenz (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID,
NIH, catalog number: 11680 )
DNase I (Roche, catalog number: 10104159001 )
0.25% Trypsin/2.21 mM EDTA (Mediatech, Cellgro^®, catalog number: 25-053-CI )
Triton X-100 (Mallinckrodt, catalog number: 9002-93-1 )
DNeasy blood and tissue kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 69506 )
cOmplete, Mini, EDTA-free protease-inhibitor cocktail tablet (Roche, catalog number: 11836170001 )
4 to 20% Polyacrylamide gradient Tris-glycine gels (Bio-Rad)
Nitrocellulose membrane (General Electric Company)
Mouse monoclonal anti-GAPDH antibody (Santa Cruz, catalog number: sc-47724 )
Mouse monoclonal anti-LaminB1 antibody (Life Technologies, catalog number: 33-2000 )
SYBR green (ABI, catalog number : 4309155 )
DpnI (New England Biolabs, catalog number: R0176L )
DTT
Yeast tRNA (Roche, catalog number : 10109541001 )
Forward primer MH531 (5’-TGTGTGCCCGTCTGTTGTGT-3’)
Reverse primer MH532 (5’-GAGTCCTGCGTCGAGAGAGC-3’)
DNase/RNase-free water
SDS-PAGE sample buffer
Sodium deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 30970 )
N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B4554 )
Hypotonic buffer (see Recipes)
Radioimmunoprecipitation buffer (see Recipes)
2x BES-buffered saline (BBS) (see Recipes)

Equipment

10 cm cell culture dish
0.45-μm-pore-size syringe filters (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 190-2545 )
0.20- μm-pore-size syringe filters (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 190-2520 )
1.5 ml screw-cap tube
Tabletop centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sorvall^®)
Tabletop refrigerated centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
Mx-3000p thermocycler (Stratagene)
CO₂ incubator

Procedure

Production of VSV-G-pseudotyped envelope-defective HIV-1 (R9-ΔE clone) virus particles (Aiken, 1998)
1. Culture 293T cells in DMEM containing 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FBS) and supplemented with antibiotics [Penicillin (100 IU/ml) and Streptomycin (100 μg/ml)] at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
2. Detach cells from a nearly confluent culture dish with the help of 0.25% Trypsin/2.21 mM EDTA and seed 2 x 10⁶ cells in 9 ml medium per 100 mm culture dish and incubate at 37 °C.
3. Transfect of 293T cells next day using the calcium phosphate-BBS method (Chen and Okoyama, 1987).
  1. Mix 15 μg of R9-ΔE and 5 μg of pHCMV-G (VSV-G) plasmids in a tube.
  2. Add 0.2 μm filtered water to the tube to make up the volume to 450 μl.
  3. Add 50 μl of 2.5 M CaCl₂ to the tube.
  4. Add 500 μl of 2x BBS to the tube dropwise.
  5. Gently mix the contents of the tube by pipetting few times.
  6. Incubate the tube at room temperature for 20 to 30 min.
  7. Add the mixture to 293T cells with gentle swirling and incubate cells at 35 °C and 3% CO₂.
4. Aspirate media from the transfected dish ~16 h after transfection, wash cells with 5 ml PBS, replenish with 5 ml of fresh cell culture media and incubate at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
5. Two days after transfection, harvest culture supernatant containing virus particles, centrifuge at 1,500 x g for 5 min to pellet cells and debris.
6. Filter the supernatant through 0.45-μm-pore-size syringe filters, aliquot and freeze at -80 °C.
Infection of HeLa cells with VSV-G-pseudotyped envelope-defective HIV-1 (R9-ΔE)
1. Plate HeLa cells at a density of 1.5 x 10⁵ cells/well in 12-well plates (1 ml total culture volume per well).
2. 24 hours later treat virus inocula with DNase I (20 μg/ml) plus MgCl₂ (10 mM) and incubate in a water bath at 37 °C for 1 h.
3. Infect cells with DNase I-treated inocula equivalent to 15 ng of p24 (determined by p24 ELISA using in-house kit (Wehrly and Chesebro, 1997)).
4. Perform parallel infection in the presence of efavirenz (1 μM) to define the residual plasmid DNA levels carried over from transfection.
5. Incubate infected cells at 37 °C for 8 h.
  Note: One can also analyse time course of reverse transcription by harvesting infected cells at different time intervals after infection.
Cell fractionation of HIV-1 infected HeLa cells
1. After incubation for desired time, aspirate culture media and wash cells once with PBS.
2. Dislodge adherent cells by incubation with 500 μl of 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA at 37 °C for 2 min.
3. Collect trypsinized cells in a 1.5 ml screw-cap tube. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min to pellet cells.
4. Lyse cell pellets in 200 μl of hypotonic buffer containing 0.1% Triton-X-100 and incubate on ice for 15 min.
  Note: Concentration of Triton-X-100 was optimized for HeLa cells. The concentration of Trition X-100 represents the lowest concentration at which about 95% of the cells counted under the microscope had intact nuclei but no plasma membrane.
5. Centrifuge at 17,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C and collect the supernatant as cytoplasmic fraction.
6. Wash the nuclear pellet with 1 ml hypotonic buffer without Triton-X-100 thrice. After each wash centrifuge at 17,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C to pellet the nuclei and aspirate off supernatant.
7. Isolate DNA from nuclear pellet using DNeasy blood and tissue kit as per manufacturer’s protocol. Elute DNA in the last step in a fresh collection tube using 100 μl DNase/RNase-free water. Eluted DNA can be stored at -80 °C or used directly to perform qPCR.
8. In parallel, prepare whole-cell, cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates from uninfected cells to check for cytoplasmic contamination of nuclear fractions.
9. To prepare whole cell lysate, lyse cells in radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) buffer (follow steps C2-C5 except the use of RIPA buffer instead of hypotonic buffer). Add equal volume of 2x SDS-PAGE sample buffer for gel electrophoresis and heat at 95 °C in a heat block for 5 min.
10. Prepare cytoplasmic lysate as described above (steps C2 to C5). Add equal volume of 2x SDS-PAGE sample buffer for gel electrophoresis and heat at 95 °C in a heat block for 5 min.
11. To prepare nuclear lysate, follow steps C2 to C6, and then lyse the nuclear pellet in 1x SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Heat at 95 °C in a heat block for 5 min. Resolve equal volumes of whole cell, cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates on a 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient Tris-glycine gel.
12. Transfer resolved proteins onto a nitrocellulose membrane.
13. Block the membrane with 5% non-fat milk solution in PBS and probe with anti-GAPDH and anti-LaminB1 antibodies (concentrations recommended by manufacturer) followed by appropriate secondary antibodies (concentrations recommended by manufacturer) as cytoplasmic and nuclear markers respectively.
SYBR green-based Quantitative PCR for quantitation of viral reverse transcription products
1. Treat isolated DNA from step C7 with DpnI (17 μl DNA + 2 μl buffer + 1 μl of DpnI-20 units) by incubation at 37 °C for 1 to 2 h. Inactivate DpnI by incubation at 80 °C for 20 min.
2. Quantitation of viral reverse transcription products.
  1. Prepare reaction mixture by mixing DNA (5 μl), PCR mix containing SYBR green (12.5 μl), forward primer (150 nM), reverse primer (150 nM) and tRNA (1 μg/μl) containing DNase/RNase-free water up to 25 μl.
  2. Prepare standards ranging from 10 to 10⁹ copies/reaction of R9-ΔE plasmid. Dilutions of standards should be made in 1 μg/μl tRNA-containing water.
  3. Set PCR reaction using the following thermal profile:

Recipes

Hypotonic buffer
10 mM Tris pH 8.0
10 mM KCl
1.5 mM MgCl₂
1 mM DTT
Protease inhibitor cocktail (one tablet per 10 ml of buffer)
Radioimmunoprecipitation buffer
50 mM Tris pH 7.5
1% Triton-X-100
250 mM NaCl
5 mM EDTA
0.1% SDS
1% sodium deoxycholate
Protease inhibitors cocktail (one tablet per 10 ml of buffer)
2x BES-buffered saline (BBS)
50 mM BES (N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid)
1.5 mM Na₂HPO₄
280 mM NaCl
pH 6.95

Acknowledgments

This protocol is adapted from Shah et al (2013). This protocol was supported by NIH grant AI076121 to C.A.

References

Aiken, C. (1998). Mechanistic independence of Nef and cyclophilin A enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity. Virology 248(1): 139-147.
Chen, C. and Okayama, H. (1987). High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA. Mol Cell Biol 7(8): 2745-2752.
Shah, V. B., Shi, J., Hout, D. R., Oztop, I., Krishnan, L., Ahn, J., Shotwell, M. S., Engelman, A. and Aiken, C. (2013). The host proteins transportin SR2/TNPO3 and cyclophilin A exert opposing effects on HIV-1 uncoating. J Virol 87(1): 422-432.
Wehrly, K. and Chesebro, B. (1997). p24 antigen capture assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus using readily available inexpensive reagents. Methods 12(4): 288-293.
Yee, J. K., Friedmann, T. and Burns, J. C. (1994). Generation of high-titer pseudotyped retroviral vectors with very broad host range. Methods Cell Biol 43 Pt A: 99-112.
Zhou, J. and Aiken, C. (2001). Nef enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity resulting from intervirion fusion: evidence supporting a role for Nef at the virion envelope. J Virol 75(13): 5851-5859.