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Biochemistry

Preparation of Everted Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli Cells

Author: Marina Verkhovskaya
Marina VerkhovskayaAffiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
For correspondence: Marina.Verkhovskaya@Helsinki.Fi
Bio-protocol author page: a4446
,  date: 5/5/2017, 349 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2254.

[Abstract] The protocol for obtaining electrically sealed membrane vesicles from E. coli cells is presented. Proton pumps such as Complex I, quinol oxidase, and ATPase are active in the obtained vesicles. Quality of the preparation was tested by monitoring the electric potential generated by these pumps. ...

Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues

Authors: Beth Mann
Beth MannAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3796
, Lip Nam Loh
Lip Nam LohAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3797
, Geli Gao
Geli GaoAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3798
 and Elaine Tuomanen
Elaine TuomanenAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
For correspondence: Elaine.tuomanen@stjude.org
Bio-protocol author page: a3799
,  date: 12/5/2016, 1251 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2037.

[Abstract] Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the body, including brain, heart, placenta and fetus. ...

Determining Efficiency and Selectivity of Lipid Extraction by Perturbing Agents from Model Membranes

Authors: Michel Lafleur
Michel LafleurAffiliation: Department of chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
For correspondence: michel.lafleur@umontreal.ca
Bio-protocol author page: a3731
 and Alexandre Therrien
Alexandre TherrienAffiliation: Department of chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a3732
,  date: 11/20/2016, 941 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2016.

[Abstract] Several membrane-perturbing agents extract lipids from membranes and, in some cases, this lipid efflux is lipid specific. In order to gain a better description of this phenomenon and to detail the intermolecular interactions that are involved, a method has been developed to characterize the extent and the specificity of membrane-lipid extraction by ...

Lipid Extraction from HeLa Cells, Quantification of Lipids, Formation of Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs) by Extrusion and in vitro Protein-lipid Binding Assays, Analysis of the Incubation Product by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and by Flotation across a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

Authors: Amina Bittame
Amina BittameAffiliation 1: Labroatoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3592
, Jodie Lopez
Jodie LopezAffiliation 1: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
Affiliation 2: INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 4: Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3593
, Gregory Effantin
Gregory EffantinAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 4: Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3594
, Nicolas Blanchard
Nicolas BlanchardAffiliation 1: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
Affiliation 2: INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 4: Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3595
, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
Marie-France Cesbron-DelauwAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Labroatoire Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications (TIMC-IMAG), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a2114
, Jean Gagnon
Jean GagnonAffiliation 1: Labroatoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a744
 and Corinne Mercier
Corinne MercierAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Labroatoire Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications (TIMC-IMAG), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, France
For correspondence: corinne.mercier@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
Bio-protocol author page: a3598
,  date: 10/20/2016, 1314 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1963.

[Abstract] Dissecting the interactions established between proteins and membranes in a given type of cells is not an easy task. Using a cell-free system of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) to analyze these interactions may help decipher these interactions and identify potential membrane deformations induced by the proteins incubated with these LUVs. This article ...

Extraction and Profiling of Plant Polar Glycerol Lipids

Authors: Yu Liu
Yu LiuAffiliation 1: Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Affiliation 2: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Louis, St. Louis, USA
For correspondence: yuliu@danforthcenter.org
Bio-protocol author page: a3251
 and Xuemin Wang
Xuemin WangAffiliation 1: Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Affiliation 2: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Louis, St. Louis, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3252
,  date: 6/20/2016, 1830 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1849.

[Abstract] This protocol describes a method to extract total polar glycerol lipids from plant materials, followed by mass spectrometry profiling. Different glycerol lipid classes can be distinguished by their head-groups, which can be profiled automatically and quantitatively by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode ...

Preparation of Chloroplast Lipid Membrane and Lipid-Protein Interaction Assay

Authors: Kumiko Okazaki
Kumiko OkazakiAffiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Present address: Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
For correspondence: okazaki.k.ac@m.titech.ac.jp
Bio-protocol author page: a2880
, Shin-ya Miyagishima
Shin-ya MiyagishimaAffiliation: Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
Bio-protocol author page: a2881
 and Hajime Wada
Hajime WadaAffiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bio-protocol author page: a2882
,  date: 2/5/2016, 1847 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1720.

[Abstract] Lipid-Protein interaction assay is a method to search lipids, which are bound with proteins in vitro. Since membranes that are spotted with chloroplast lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) are not commercially available, we extracted these lipids from cyanobacterial ...

13C Kinetic Labeling and Extraction of Metabolites from Adherent Mammalian Cells

Authors: Parul Mehrotra
Parul MehrotraAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Bio-protocol author page: a2134
, Najmuddin Saquib
Najmuddin SaquibAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Bio-protocol author page: a2135
 and Kanury V. S. Rao
Kanury V. S. RaoAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
For correspondence: kanury@icgeb.res.in
Bio-protocol author page: a2136
,  date: 4/20/2015, 2672 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1447.

[Abstract] Fluctuations in metabolite levels in mammalian cells are the most direct form of readout of the cellular metabolic state. The current protocol describes a method for pulse labeling and subsequent isolation of metabolites from adherent mammalian cells. The isolated metabolites can be identified and quantified by mass-spectrometry, allowing for estimation ...

Extraction and Purification of Mycobacterial Mycolic Acids

Authors: Christian M. Dupont
Christian M. DupontAffiliation: Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Bio-protocol author page: a1728
 and Laurent Kremer
Laurent KremerAffiliation 1: Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Affiliation 2: Inserm, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
For correspondence: lremer@univ-montp2.fr
Bio-protocol author page: a1729
,  date: 10/20/2014, 3789 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1265.

[Abstract] Mycolic acids are major long-chain fatty acids, containing up to 80-90 carbon atoms that represent essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall (Pawelczyk and Kremer, 2014). Each mycobacterial species possesses a specific mycolic acid profile characterized by various chemical modifications that decorate the lipid. Mycolic acids play a critical ...

Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Diacylglycerol Content

Authors: Fikadu G. Tafesse
Fikadu G. TafesseAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1561
, Karin Strijbis
Karin StrijbisAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1562
 and Hidde L. Ploegh
Hidde L. PloeghAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
For correspondence: ploegh@wi.mit.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a1563
,  date: 8/5/2014, 3294 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1202.

[Abstract] Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a bioactive lipid with diverse biological roles. DAG transiently accumulates in a membrane upon receipt of an appropriate stimulus that activates phospholipase C to cleave phospholipids. The resulting hydrolysis product DAG binds to proteins such as protein kinase C to initiate a variety of downstream cellular processes. DAG ...

Quantification of Bacterial Fatty Acids by Extraction and Methylation

Authors: Mark Politz
Mark PolitzAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a938
, Rebecca Lennen
Rebecca LennenAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a939
 and Brian Pfleger
Brian PflegerAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
For correspondence: pfleger@engr.wisc.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a557
,  date: 11/5/2013, 5537 views, 1 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.950.

[Abstract] This protocol describes two similar methods for the extraction and methylation of fatty acids from bacterial cultures. The acid derivatization protocol (Lennen et al., 2013; Bligh and Dyer, 1959) results in the extraction and methylation of all fatty acids, both free and bound, from a bacterial culture, while the base derivatization protocol (Lennen ...
1 2 

Quantification of Bacterial Fatty Acids by Extraction and Methylation

Authors: Mark Politz
Mark PolitzAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a938
, Rebecca Lennen
Rebecca LennenAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a939
 and Brian Pfleger
Brian PflegerAffiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
For correspondence: pfleger@engr.wisc.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a557
,  date: 11/5/2013, 5537 views, 1 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.950.

[Abstract] This protocol describes two similar methods for the extraction and methylation of fatty acids from bacterial cultures. The acid derivatization protocol (Lennen et al., 2013; Bligh and Dyer, 1959) results in the extraction and methylation of all fatty acids, both free and bound, from a bacterial culture, ...

Glycophosphosphingolipid (GSPL) Purification Protocol

Author: Tripti De
Tripti DeAffiliation: Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
For correspondence: triptide@iicb.res.in
Bio-protocol author page: a175
,  date: 12/5/2012, 4493 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.299.

[Abstract] Glycosylated ceramide phosphorylinositol are present in many species of fungi and mushrooms and bacteria and parasitic organisms like leishmania. These are usually membrane raft associated and are not easily extracted by conventional methodologies. This extraction method gives higher yield of the glycolipid. ...

Extraction and Purification of Mycobacterial Mycolic Acids

Authors: Christian M. Dupont
Christian M. DupontAffiliation: Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Bio-protocol author page: a1728
 and Laurent Kremer
Laurent KremerAffiliation 1: Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Affiliation 2: Inserm, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
For correspondence: lremer@univ-montp2.fr
Bio-protocol author page: a1729
,  date: 10/20/2014, 3789 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1265.

[Abstract] Mycolic acids are major long-chain fatty acids, containing up to 80-90 carbon atoms that represent essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall (Pawelczyk and Kremer, 2014). Each mycobacterial species possesses a specific mycolic acid profile characterized by various chemical modifications that ...

Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Diacylglycerol Content

Authors: Fikadu G. Tafesse
Fikadu G. TafesseAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1561
, Karin Strijbis
Karin StrijbisAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1562
 and Hidde L. Ploegh
Hidde L. PloeghAffiliation: Whitehead Institute, Whitehead Institute of MIT, Cambridge, USA
For correspondence: ploegh@wi.mit.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a1563
,  date: 8/5/2014, 3294 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1202.

[Abstract] Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a bioactive lipid with diverse biological roles. DAG transiently accumulates in a membrane upon receipt of an appropriate stimulus that activates phospholipase C to cleave phospholipids. The resulting hydrolysis product DAG binds to proteins such as protein kinase C to initiate ...

13C Kinetic Labeling and Extraction of Metabolites from Adherent Mammalian Cells

Authors: Parul Mehrotra
Parul MehrotraAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Bio-protocol author page: a2134
, Najmuddin Saquib
Najmuddin SaquibAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Bio-protocol author page: a2135
 and Kanury V. S. Rao
Kanury V. S. RaoAffiliation: Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
For correspondence: kanury@icgeb.res.in
Bio-protocol author page: a2136
,  date: 4/20/2015, 2672 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1447.

[Abstract] Fluctuations in metabolite levels in mammalian cells are the most direct form of readout of the cellular metabolic state. The current protocol describes a method for pulse labeling and subsequent isolation of metabolites from adherent mammalian cells. The isolated metabolites can be identified and quantified ...

Preparation of Chloroplast Lipid Membrane and Lipid-Protein Interaction Assay

Authors: Kumiko Okazaki
Kumiko OkazakiAffiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Present address: Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
For correspondence: okazaki.k.ac@m.titech.ac.jp
Bio-protocol author page: a2880
, Shin-ya Miyagishima
Shin-ya MiyagishimaAffiliation: Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
Bio-protocol author page: a2881
 and Hajime Wada
Hajime WadaAffiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bio-protocol author page: a2882
,  date: 2/5/2016, 1847 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1720.

[Abstract] Lipid-Protein interaction assay is a method to search lipids, which are bound with proteins in vitro. Since membranes that are spotted with chloroplast lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) are not commercially ...

Extraction and Profiling of Plant Polar Glycerol Lipids

Authors: Yu Liu
Yu LiuAffiliation 1: Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Affiliation 2: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Louis, St. Louis, USA
For correspondence: yuliu@danforthcenter.org
Bio-protocol author page: a3251
 and Xuemin Wang
Xuemin WangAffiliation 1: Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Affiliation 2: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Louis, St. Louis, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3252
,  date: 6/20/2016, 1830 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1849.

[Abstract] This protocol describes a method to extract total polar glycerol lipids from plant materials, followed by mass spectrometry profiling. Different glycerol lipid classes can be distinguished by their head-groups, which can be profiled automatically and quantitatively by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry ...

Lipid Extraction from HeLa Cells, Quantification of Lipids, Formation of Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs) by Extrusion and in vitro Protein-lipid Binding Assays, Analysis of the Incubation Product by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and by Flotation across a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

Authors: Amina Bittame
Amina BittameAffiliation 1: Labroatoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3592
, Jodie Lopez
Jodie LopezAffiliation 1: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
Affiliation 2: INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 4: Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3593
, Gregory Effantin
Gregory EffantinAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 4: Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3594
, Nicolas Blanchard
Nicolas BlanchardAffiliation 1: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
Affiliation 2: INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
Affiliation 4: Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Bio-protocol author page: a3595
, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
Marie-France Cesbron-DelauwAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Labroatoire Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications (TIMC-IMAG), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a2114
, Jean Gagnon
Jean GagnonAffiliation 1: Labroatoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Bio-protocol author page: a744
 and Corinne Mercier
Corinne MercierAffiliation 1: Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Affiliation 2: Labroatoire Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications (TIMC-IMAG), Grenoble, France
Affiliation 3: CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, France
For correspondence: corinne.mercier@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
Bio-protocol author page: a3598
,  date: 10/20/2016, 1314 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1963.

[Abstract] Dissecting the interactions established between proteins and membranes in a given type of cells is not an easy task. Using a cell-free system of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) to analyze these interactions may help decipher these interactions and identify potential membrane deformations induced by ...

Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues

Authors: Beth Mann
Beth MannAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3796
, Lip Nam Loh
Lip Nam LohAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3797
, Geli Gao
Geli GaoAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3798
 and Elaine Tuomanen
Elaine TuomanenAffiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
For correspondence: Elaine.tuomanen@stjude.org
Bio-protocol author page: a3799
,  date: 12/5/2016, 1251 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2037.

[Abstract] Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the ...

Determining Efficiency and Selectivity of Lipid Extraction by Perturbing Agents from Model Membranes

Authors: Michel Lafleur
Michel LafleurAffiliation: Department of chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
For correspondence: michel.lafleur@umontreal.ca
Bio-protocol author page: a3731
 and Alexandre Therrien
Alexandre TherrienAffiliation: Department of chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a3732
,  date: 11/20/2016, 941 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2016.

[Abstract] Several membrane-perturbing agents extract lipids from membranes and, in some cases, this lipid efflux is lipid specific. In order to gain a better description of this phenomenon and to detail the intermolecular interactions that are involved, a method has been developed to characterize the extent and ...
1 2 
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