Cancer Biology

In vivo Efficacy Studies in Cell Line and Patient-derived Xenograft Mouse Models

Authors: Elizabeth A. Tovar
Elizabeth A. TovarAffiliation: Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3966
, Curt J. Essenburg
Curt J. EssenburgAffiliation: Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3967
and Carrie Graveel
Carrie GraveelAffiliation: Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
For correspondence: carrie.graveel@vai.org
Bio-protocol author page: a3968
, date: 1/5/2017, 1361 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2100.

[Abstract] In vivo xenograft models derived from human cancer cells have been a gold standard for evaluating the genetic drivers of cancer and are valuable preclinical models for evaluating the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. Recently, patient-derived tumorgrafts from multiple tumor types have been developed and shown to more accurately recapitulate the molecular ...

Quantification of Tumor Material Uptake

Authors: Richard N. Hanna
Richard N. HannaAffiliation 1: Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, USA
Affiliation 2: Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA
For correspondence: hannar@Medimmune.com
Bio-protocol author page: a3623
and Catherine C. Hedrick
Catherine C. HedrickAffiliation: Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3625
, date: 10/20/2016, 1327 views, 1 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1974.

[Abstract] Extracellular tumor material including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic tumor debris may help cancers invade new organs. Enhancing the removal of extracellular tumor material by immune cells represents a novel immunotherapy approach for preventing cancer metastasis. This protocol quantifies the uptake and removal of extracellular tumor material ...

In vivo Imaging of Tumor and Immune Cell Interactions in the Lung

Authors: Richard N. Hanna
Richard N. HannaAffiliation 1: Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, USA
Affiliation 2: Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA
For correspondence: hannar@Medimmune.com
Bio-protocol author page: a3623
, Grzegorz Chodaczek
Grzegorz ChodaczekAffiliation: Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3624
and Catherine C. Hedrick
Catherine C. HedrickAffiliation: Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3625
, date: 10/20/2016, 1216 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1973.

[Abstract] Immunotherapy has demonstrated great therapeutic potential by activating the immune system to fight cancer. However, little is known about the specific dynamics of interactions that occur between tumor and immune cells. In this protocol we describe a novel method to visualize the interaction of tumor and immune cells in the lung of live mice, which ...

Peptide Loading on MHC Class I Molecules of Tumor Cells

Authors: Loredana Cifaldi
Loredana CifaldiAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
Bio-protocol author page: a3510
, Franco Locatelli
Franco LocatelliAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
Bio-protocol author page: a3511
and Doriana Fruci
Doriana FruciAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
For correspondence: doriana.fruci@opbg.net
Bio-protocol author page: a3512
, date: 9/20/2016, 1115 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1932.

[Abstract] MHC class I molecules present peptides to cytotoxic T cells allowing the immune system to scan for intracellular pathogens and mutated proteins. The generation of antigenic peptides is a multistep process that ends in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Only peptides with the right length and sequence will bind nascent MHC class I molecules in the ER. ...

Killer Cell Ig-like Receptors (KIR)-Binding Assay for Tumor Cells

Authors: Loredana Cifaldi
Loredana CifaldiAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
Bio-protocol author page: a3510
, Franco Locatelli
Franco LocatelliAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
Bio-protocol author page: a3511
and Doriana Fruci
Doriana FruciAffiliation: Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
For correspondence: doriana.fruci@opbg.net
Bio-protocol author page: a3512
, date: 9/20/2016, 884 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1931.

[Abstract] Natural killer (NK) cells play key roles in innate and adaptive immune responses against virus and tumor cells. Their function relies on the dynamic balance between activating and inhibiting signals through receptors that bind ligands expressed on target cells. The absence of inhibitory receptor engagement with their ligands and the presence of activating ...

Macrophage Polarization by Tumor-induced MDSCs Assay

Authors: Felipe Vences-Catalán
Felipe Vences-CatalánAffiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
For correspondence: fvences5@stanford.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a3419
, Minu K. Srivastava
Minu K. SrivastavaAffiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a3421
and Shoshana Levy
Shoshana LevyAffiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
For correspondence: slevy@stanford.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a3420
, date: 8/20/2016, 1765 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1900.

[Abstract] Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a subset of granulocytes (immature myeloid cells) that exploit a variety of mechanism to modulate the innate and adaptive immune system. MDSCs are present normally in the body, but their numbers increase during inflammation and in cancer, promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition to MDSCs, ...

Adoptive Transfer of Tumor Expanded Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)

Authors: Felipe Vences-Catalán
Felipe Vences-CatalánAffiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
For correspondence: fvences5@stanford.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a3419
and Shoshana Levy
Shoshana LevyAffiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
For correspondence: slevy@stanford.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a3420
, date: 8/20/2016, 1498 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1899.

[Abstract] Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells, infiltrate tumors and suppress antitumor activity of effector T and NK cells. Depletion of Tregs by anti CD25⁺ antibodies has been shown to reduce tumor growth and metastasis (Olkhanud et al., 2009). Conversely, adoptive transfer of Tregs induced immune suppression and promoted tumor growth ...

In vitro Tumor Cell Migration Assay Using ThinCerts^TM (Transwells)

Author: Marc A. Schneider
Marc A. SchneiderAffiliation: Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
For correspondence: marc.schneider@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Bio-protocol author page: a3202
, date: 6/5/2016, 2283 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1830.

[Abstract] The high migration rate of tumor cells often results in poor prognosis for the survival of the patients. Here, we describe a protocol to measure the migration of cells using a quantitative assay. The relative tumor cell migration was measured using ThinCerts^TM cell culture inserts and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay to quantify the relative cell ...

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Luciferase-labeled Cancer Cells

Authors: Marc Carceles-Cordon
Marc Carceles-CordonAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2976
, Irene Rodriguez-Fernandez
Irene Rodriguez-FernandezAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2977
, Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
Veronica Rodriguez-BravoAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2978
, Carlos Cordon-Cardo
Carlos Cordon-CardoAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2979
and Josep Domingo-Domenech
Josep Domingo-DomenechAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
For correspondence: josep.domingo-domenech@mssm.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a2980
, date: 3/20/2016, 3834 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1762.

[Abstract] Over the past decade, in vivo bioluminescent imaging has emerged as a non-invasive and sensitive tool for studying ongoing biological processes within living organisms (Contag et al., 1997; Contag et al., 1998). Based on the detection and quantitation of the photons produced by the oxidation of luciferin by luciferase enzymes (Harvey, 1927), this technique ...

Human Blood Component Vaccinia Virus Neutralization Assay

Authors: Laura Evgin
Laura EvginAffiliation: Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a2765
and John Bell
John BellAffiliation: Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
For correspondence: jbell@ohri.ca
Bio-protocol author page: a2766
, date: 12/5/2015, 1770 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1674.

[Abstract] Many therapeutic viruses, such as oncolytic viruses, vaccines, or gene therapy vectors, may be administered by the intravenous route to maximize their delivery to target tissues. Blood components, such as antibody, complement and blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, T cells, B cells or platelets) may result in viral neutralization and therefore ...

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Isolation of Mouse Tumor-Infiltrating Leukocytes by Percoll Gradient Centrifugation

Authors: Ying Liu
Ying LiuAffiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
For correspondence: ivyliu0506@hotmail.com
Bio-protocol author page: a814
, Keqiang Chen
Keqiang ChenAffiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a815
, Chunyan Wang
Chunyan WangAffiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a816
, Wanghua Gong
Wanghua GongAffiliation: Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a817
, Teizo Yoshimura
Teizo YoshimuraAffiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a818
, Ji Ming Wang
Ji Ming WangAffiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
For correspondence: wangji@mail.nih.gov
Bio-protocol author page: a819
and Mingyong Liu
Mingyong LiuAffiliation 1: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, USA
Affiliation 2: Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
For correspondence: liu_mingyong@yahoo.com.cn
Bio-protocol author page: a820
, date: 9/5/2013, 13306 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.892.

[Abstract] A hallmark of cancer-associated inflammation is the infiltration of leukocytes into tumors, which is believed to be recruited by chemokines. Some infiltrating leukocytes such as macrophages often promote tumor growth by producing growth-inducing and angiogenic factors. Here, we described a method of ...

In vitro Regulatory T cells Differentiation From Naïve T Cells

Authors: Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
Tomás Dalotto-MorenoAffiliation: Immunopathology Department, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Bio-protocol author page: a1229
, Gabriel A. Rabinovich
Gabriel A. RabinovichAffiliation: Immunopathology Department, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Bio-protocol author page: a1230
and Marian Salatino
Marian SalatinoAffiliation: Immunopathology Department, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
For correspondence: mariansalatino@gmail.com
Bio-protocol author page: a540
, date: 3/20/2014, 7960 views, 1 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1075.

[Abstract] In the past years, a subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing CD4, CD25 and the transcription factor FoxP3 has gained considerable attention as key regulators of T-cell tolerance and homeostasis (Sakaguchi, 2004). This population of T cells is specifically engaged in the maintenance of immune ...

Differentiation of THP1 Cells into Macrophages for Transwell Co-culture Assay with Melanoma Cells

Authors: Michael Peter Smith
Michael Peter SmithAffiliation: Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Bio-protocol author page: a2679
, Helen Young
Helen YoungAffiliation: Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Bio-protocol author page: a2680
, Adam Hurlstone
Adam HurlstoneAffiliation: Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Bio-protocol author page: a2681
and Claudia Wellbrock
Claudia WellbrockAffiliation: Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
For correspondence: Claudia.Wellbrock@manchester.ac.uk
Bio-protocol author page: a2682
, date: 11/5/2015, 7757 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1638.

[Abstract] Understanding how immune cells such as macrophages interact with cancer cells is of increasing interest, as cancer treatments move towards combing both targeted- and immuno- therapies in new treatment regimes. This protocol is using THP-1 cells, a human leukemia monocytic cell line that can be differentiated ...

Purification of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM) and Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells (TADC)

Authors: Damya Laoui
Damya LaouiAffiliation 1: Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
Affiliation 2: Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Bio-protocol author page: a1803
, Eva Van Overmeire
Eva Van OvermeireAffiliation 1: Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
Affiliation 2: Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Bio-protocol author page: a1804
, Jiri Keirsse
Jiri KeirsseAffiliation 1: Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
Affiliation 2: Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Bio-protocol author page: a1805
, Kiavash Movahedi
Kiavash MovahediAffiliation 1: Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
Affiliation 2: Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Bio-protocol author page: a1806
and Jo A Van Ginderachter
Jo A Van GinderachterAffiliation 1: Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
Affiliation 2: Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
For correspondence: jvangind@vub.ac.be
Bio-protocol author page: a1807
, date: 11/20/2014, 7733 views, 1 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1294.

[Abstract] Tumors are heterogeneous microenvironments where complex interactions take place between neoplastic cells and infiltrating inflammatory cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADC). The relevance of tumor-infiltrating mononuclear myeloid cells is underscored ...

Transwell Co-culture of Bone Marrow Macrophages with Tumor Cells

Authors: Mackenzie K. Herroon
Mackenzie K. HerroonAffiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1346
and Izabela Podgorski
Izabela PodgorskiAffiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
For correspondence: ipodgors@med.wayne.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a1347
, date: 5/5/2014, 6743 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1121.

[Abstract] Bone is a primary site of metastasis from prostate and breast cancers. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) are mediators of inflammatory processes and are thought to promote tumor growth in the skeletal sites. In order to elucidate how their interactions with tumor cells impact aggressiveness of metastatic ...

Lung Clearance Assay

Authors: Pinchas Tsukerman
Pinchas TsukermanAffiliation: Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Bio-protocol author page: a244
and Ofer Mandelboim
Ofer MandelboimAffiliation: Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
For correspondence: oferm@ekmd.huji.ac.il
Bio-protocol author page: a245
, date: 3/5/2013, 3933 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.336.

[Abstract] Lung clearance assay tests the ability of innate immune cells (mainly NK cells) to eradicate in vivo cells injected via the tail vein of the mice. This assay helps to elucidate the role played by NK cells and their receptors (if the mice are genetically modified) against various human and mouse targets ...

Natural Killer Cell Transfer Assay

Authors: Lee-Hwa Tai
Lee-Hwa TaiAffiliation: Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a764
, Christiano Tanese de Souza
Christiano Tanese de SouzaAffiliation: Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a765
, Andrew P. Makrigiannis
Andrew P. MakrigiannisAffiliation: Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Bio-protocol author page: a766
and Rebecca Ann C. Auer
Rebecca Ann C. AuerAffiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
For correspondence: rauer@ottawahospital.on.ca
Bio-protocol author page: a767
, date: 8/20/2013, 3877 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.864.

[Abstract] Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. Immunosurveillance of the host by NK cells for malignant and virally-infected cells results in direct cytotoxicity and the production of cytokines to enhance the immune response. This protocol ...

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Luciferase-labeled Cancer Cells

Authors: Marc Carceles-Cordon
Marc Carceles-CordonAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2976
, Irene Rodriguez-Fernandez
Irene Rodriguez-FernandezAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2977
, Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
Veronica Rodriguez-BravoAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2978
, Carlos Cordon-Cardo
Carlos Cordon-CardoAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a2979
and Josep Domingo-Domenech
Josep Domingo-DomenechAffiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
For correspondence: josep.domingo-domenech@mssm.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a2980
, date: 3/20/2016, 3834 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1762.

Construction of Human Monocyte Derived Macrophages Armed with Oncolytic Viruses

Authors: Munitta Muthana
Munitta MuthanaAffiliation: Academic Unit of Inflammation & Tumor Targeting, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
For correspondence: m.muthana@sheffield.ac.uk
Bio-protocol author page: a669
, Jay Richardson
Jay RichardsonAffiliation: Academic Unit of Inflammation & Tumor Targeting, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
Bio-protocol author page: a658
, Samuel Rodrigues
Samuel RodriguesAffiliation: Academic Unit of Inflammation & Tumor Targeting, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
Bio-protocol author page: a659
and Claire Lewis
Claire LewisAffiliation: Academic Unit of Inflammation & Tumor Targeting, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
For correspondence: claire.lewis@sheffield.ac.uk
Bio-protocol author page: a660
, date: 7/5/2013, 3404 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.809.

[Abstract] Macrophages are involved in many key physiological processes and complex responses such as inflammatory, immunological, infectious and neoplastic diseases. The appearance and activation of macrophages are thought to be rapid events in the development of many pathological lesions, including malignant ...

Detection of Tumor Cell Surface-reactive Antibodies

Authors: Brian M. Andersen
Brian M. AndersenAffiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1316
, Michelle R. Goulart
Michelle R. GoulartAffiliation: Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1317
, Michael R. Olin
Michael R. OlinAffiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Bio-protocol author page: a1318
and G. Elizabeth Pluhar
G. Elizabeth PluharAffiliation: Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA
For correspondence: pluha002@umn.edu
Bio-protocol author page: a1319
, date: 5/5/2014, 2878 views, 0 Q&A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1114.

[Abstract] Vaccine-based immunotherapy is being used to treat dogs with primary brain tumors. The vaccines are composed of a lysate of autologous tumor cells, which stimulate an immune response producing tumor specific antibodies that are capable of inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to allogeneic, ...

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Cancer Biology

Angiogenesis

Cancer biochemistry

Cancer stem cell

Cell cycle checkpoints

Cell death

Cellular energetics

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Genome instability & mutation

Inflammation

Invasion & metastasis

Proliferative signaling

Replicative immortality

Drug discovery and analysis

Genetics

Immunological assays

Tumor formation

Tumor microenvironment

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