Plastic Embedding of Arabidopsis Stem Sections

Materials and Reagents

1. 30 day-old Arabidopsis stem fragments
   
2. 90% acetone
   
3. 4% glutaraldehyde
   
4. 0.1% Tween 20
   
5. Absolute ethanol
   
6. Historesin standard kit (Reichert-Jung, catalog number: 7O-2218-500)
   Components:
   1. Basic resin liquid (Figure 2A)
      
   2. Activator powder
      
   3. Hardener
      
7. Cresyl violet acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C-5042)
   
8. Preinfiltration solution (see Recipes)
   
9. Infiltration solution (see Recipes)
   
10. Embedding medium (see Recipes)
    
11. Cresyl violet staining medium (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Vacuum pump (Figure 1)
   
2. Vacuum jar (Figure 1)
   
3. Histomold trays (6 x 8 mm) (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 14702218311)
   
4. Histomold trays (13 x 19 mm) (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 14702218313)
   
5. Specimen Holder adapter (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 14702218310)
   
6. Drying oven DO-90 (Raypa)
   
7. Motorized microtome Leica RM2155 (Leica Microsystems)
   
8. Water/ethanol bath HI 1210 (Leica Microsystems)
   
9. Tungsten carbide disposable blades TC-65 (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 140216266379)
   
10. Glass slides Superfrost ultra plus (Menzel-Glasër, catalog number: J3800AMNZ)
    
11. Surgipath micromount (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 3801731)
    
12. Coverslip (24 x 60) (Menzel-Glasër, catalog number: BB024060A1)
    
    
    Figure 1. Vacuum jar and vacuum pump used for tissue infiltration
    

Procedure

1. Collect stem fragments (5 to 10 mm) of 30 day-old Arabidopsis plants of the main inflorescence from immediately above the uppermost rosette leaf in a 15 ml falcon (Figure 2A).
   
2. Incubate for 30 min in 90% acetone.
   
3. Wash twice with water by emptying the recipient and filling it with fresh water.
   
4. Cover with 4% glutaraldehyde, 0.1% Tween 20 and vacuum infiltrate for 15 min.
   
5. Leave at 4 °C overnight or longer. Stems can be stored in this fixative.
   
6. Wash twice with water.
   
7. Dehydrate in ethanol series up to 100% ethanol:
   30% ethanol (3 h)
   50% ethanol (3 h)
   75% ethanol (3 h)
   95% ethanol (3 h)
   100% ethanol (overnight)
   
8. Incubate the stems in Preinfiltration solution overnight (minimum) at 4 °C.
   
9. Incubate the stems in Infiltration solution at 4 °C (overnight minimum, up to two weeks).
   
10. Fill the bottom of HISTORESIN MOLD TRAYS with embedding medium (Figures 2B, 2C).
    
11. Immerse and orient the specimens in the mold trays (Figures 2D, 2E).
    Put the block holder adapter on the mold before polymerization so that it forms a single piece together with the block (Figures 2F, 2G).
    
12. Allow to polymerize overnight at room temperature.
    
13. Take out the block plus adaptor from the mold (Figures 2H-J).
    
    
    Figure 2. Making a resin block. A. Reactives needed for block making. B, C. The mold trays are filled with embedding medium. D, E. The specimens are immersed and orient in the mold trays. F, G. The block holder adapter is set on the mold before polymerization. H-J. The block plus adaptor is taken out of the mold.
    
    
14. Fix it to the mobile head of the microtome (Figure 3A-3C).
    
15. Cut 3-8 µm sections of resin-embedded specimens using a motorized microtome Leica RM2155 with tungsten carbide blades TC-65 (Figures 3C, 3D, Video 1).
    
    
    Video 1. Cutting and slides
    
    
    
16. Float sections in a 50 °C water/ethanol bath for a few seconds until the section flattens (Figures 3E, 3F, Video 1). About 40 ml of 100% ethanol per liter of water are added to restrict the rapid movements of the historesin sections occurring when floating in water.
    
17. Collect sections on a glass slide (Figure 2G, Video 1) and allow to dry in an oven overnight at 50 °C.
    
18. Optional staining step (only when a contrast staining solution is needed).
    
19. Immerse the slides in cresyl violet staining medium 2-5 min.
    
20. Wash with distilled water 2 min.
    
21. Dry the excess of moisture from the slides using a kimwipe.
    
22. Dry in oven for 15 min at 50 °C.
    
23. Mount sections in Surgipath micromount.
    
24. Cover with a coverslip.
    
    
    Figure 3. Sectioning a resin block. A-C. The block is fixed to the mobile head of the microtome. D. 3-8 µm sections of resin-embedded specimens are cut using a motorized microtome. E. Sections are collected with tweezers. F. Sections are put to float in a 50 °C water bath for a few seconds until the section flattens. G. Sections are collected on a glass slide.
    
    
    Figure 4. Arabidopsis stem section stained with cresyl violet, prepared as described in this protocol
    

Notes

1. To obtain transversal stem sections a 2-step process is used. First, the stems are horizontally laid down in the mold, at the bottom of the surface, and a first block is made. Then this block is trimmed to leave only a piece of resin containing the stem. This block is oriented vertically in a second mold, which is used to produce a second block where the stem will be properly oriented for sectioning.
   
2. This procedure can be applied to other samples, both from animal and plant origins. Generally, plant tissues require longer infiltration times (minimum 2-3 days), as compared to animal tissues (where normally an overnight infiltration time is sufficient).

Recipes

1. Preinfiltration solution
   50% absolute ethanol
   50% infiltration solution
   
2. Infiltration solution
   50 ml basic resin/liquid
   1 packet (0.5 g) activator
   Stir with a magnetic stirrer until completely dissolved
   It can be stored at 4 °C for several weeks.
   
3. Embedding medium
   15 ml infiltration solution
   1 ml hardener
   Freshly made
   Mix and use immediately
   
4. Cresyl violet staining medium
   1% cresyl violet acetate in distilled water
   100 mg of cresyl ciolet acetate
   10 ml of distilled water

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (BIO2011-25687). This protocol was adapted from Giménez et al. (2001) and Chevalier et al. (2014). We thank Inés Poveda for photographic work.

References

1. Chevalier, F., Nieminen, K., Sanchez-Ferrero, J. C., Rodriguez, M. L., Chagoyen, M., Hardtke, C. S. and Cubas, P. (2014). Strigolactone promotes degradation of DWARF14, an alpha/beta hydrolase essential for strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 26(3): 1134-1150.
   
2. Gimenez, E., Giraldo, P., Jeffery, G. and Montoliu, L. (2001). Variegated expression and delayed retinal pigmentation during development in transgenic mice with a deletion in the locus control region of the tyrosinase gene. Genesis 30(1): 21-25.